The Traits Of Personality Can Be Exemplified By Two Traits

According the Carver Schreier (2012), â€Å"the trait approach to personality can be exemplified by two traits† (p. 52). One trait can be described as consistency while the other trait usually describes an individual being different from their neighbors. Vollrath and Torgersen argue that the extraversion and neuroticism traits are substantially present among individuals who are likely to participate in â€Å"risky health behaviors such as smoking, excessive drinking and drunk driving, drug use and sexual behaviors† that risks the overall wellbeing of a person or a person who lacks both of the following traits in larger quantities. They are generally regarded as individuals who can withstand temptation and are less likely to participate in risky behaviors. â€Å"Extraversion seems to relate to having social impact.† (Carver Schreier, 2012) People with high levels of extraversion seemingly engage with and enjoy being with other people and often are the assert ive ones in the group. People with high levels of neuroticism react differently in situations of stress, oftentimes unable to cope with situations. Torgersen (1995) â€Å"proposed a typology defined as priori† (p.288). â€Å"This typology represents the possible combinations of the Big Three personality factors, which result in eight unique types† (Vollrath Torgersen, 2008). This study examined that high neuroticism and low constraint played a role in high risk behaviors. Torgersen’s definition of constraint is what the United StatesShow MoreRelatedLeadership Traits Essay example694 Words   |  3 PagesLeadership Traits As a growing debate, the question at hand is whether great leaders are born with specific leadership traits, or if one can be taught certain traits over time. According to (Wikipedia.com) the approach of listing leadership qualities, often termed trait theory of leadership, assumes certain traits or characteristics will tend to lead to effective leadership. 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Eating Disorders And Its Effects On Society - 1199 Words

When you settle down each day for a meal, whether it be breakfast, lunch, or dinner, you just eat, right? To reiterate, you don’t really take into consideration of what you’re eating, as it is something that you usually take for granted, that is, eating. Maybe that’s how it goes for you, eating without thinking. But for some people in the world, eating is something very difficult to do. Either they despise food because they feel that they are too overweight, or that they can’t stop eating because they are always hungry. These people are people who have eating disorders. Eating disorders mostly concern individuals that are usually stressed and depressed, and to deal with these problems they use food to solve it. More specifically they†¦show more content†¦In the world that we live in today, the media and pop culture basically controls the world, by setting standard for individuals that has to be met if you wish to be accepted by society and fit in. The other cause may be activities that may require you go on a diet, like playing a sport or doing performing arts like ballet dancing and acting. Now, how does anorexia concern you, the individual who doesn’t have anorexia? Well, it is really self-explanatory, because treatment for anorexia is fairly expensive and money, your money, can go to fund these treatments. Also, people die from anorexia, and many of those people are young people. Now the death of young people can affect the world as we raise those people to become the next generation that would change the world, and a lot of money was involved. So if they pass away, all the work was done for nothing. Now because of all the harmful effects that can result from anorexia, there’s got to be treatment available for patients plagued by the disorder. Fortunately, there is, but starting early to counter anorexia is essential. In â€Å"One notable study by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, fo und that 76 percent of anorexic adolescents had fully recovered from the disorder within 10 to 15 years of their initial hospitalizations.† (Alderman, 2010, P. B6). So to recover from anorexia, early treatment is very important, as late treatment has several complications to deal with like

And the Fraud Continues Free Essays

string(26) " to hide the unpaid debt\." 1. ) Discuss the Internal control weaknesses that existed at MCI that contributed to the commission of this fraud: MCI biggest internal control weaknesses at was Pavlo. Pavlo was able to manipulate MCI account receivable system which he helped to create and develop. We will write a custom essay sample on And the Fraud Continues or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the same employee is able to receive and update payments, the chance of manipulation and embezzlement of funds is very high. By one person being able to record accounts receivable, or even reconcile the company’s bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. This is what happens to MCI with Pavlo, through the following: a. By writing off a companies account receivables and converting them into notes receivable, Asset are created on the balance sheet. When customers are unable or may not pay their debts, companies may be able to write-off bad debts on their income tax returns. Companies’ accounts receivable can present a problem when only a few employees are available to manage company finances. By allowing the same employee to receive payments, update accounts receivable records, and reconcile the company’s bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. b. Unapplied cash was used for the bad debt and slow payment s. By allocations of delinquent or bad receivables, made the expenses related to the write off of the receivables will not be entered on the income statement. c. Credit Holds was used. MCI called customers in regards to their past due account receivables. MCI were told by the customer that they were sending a payment immediately, MCI credited their receivables before receiving the cash. By Pavlo’s manipulating the account receivable it helped him delayed the inevitable. The recognition of bad debt and uncollected receivables that have to be expensed on the income statement. . Identify and justify the approach you would take if you suspected fraudulent activity within an organization where you work: Should I suspect fraudulent activity within an organization. I would investigate the suspected activity and reporting the suspected activity to the correct personnel. The Internal Auditor’s Office should coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. Employees shall not de stroy any document or record of any kind that may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste, or abuse. The application of professional skepticism is essential any audit investigation. Professional skepticism in auditing implies an attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical assessment of audit evidence without being obsessively suspicious or skeptical. Don’t make matters worse by getting into legal liability by the way you handle the matter. Do not speak to anyone about the person that’s suspected of committing the fraud before reporting it to management. By speaking to someone other than management you could be sued for slander. Consult an attorney who specializes in employment-related matters. When an employee has knowledge of fraud, waste, or abuse has good reason to suspect that such conduct has occurred should adhere to the procedures in the Organization’s Policy. When suspected fraudulent activity, waste, or abuse is observed by, or made known to an employee. The employee should immediately report the activity to his/her direct supervisor. If an employee believes that their supervisor are involved in the activity, he/she should immediately report the activity to the supervisor’s manager as well as the CFO and CEO. If an employee believes that the supervisor’s, management and/or the CEO may be involved with the activity, the employee should either contact the Internal Auditor directly or file a report via the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Referral System also known as the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Hotline, (McMullen, A. (2012). When an employee is suspected of any activity, he or she should not make any attempt to investigate the suspected activity prior to reporting it. The Internal Auditor’s Office will coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. The employee should not destroy any document or record that he or she knows may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste or abuse. Employees that suspect violation or who have questions, complaints or suggestions, should share their concerns with someone who can address them properly. Thus, it’s a myth that fraud is a big scheme that should be uncovered sooner and easy to detect. Most all fraud starts small and then gets bigger and bigger, until something becomes noticeably different or unusual. Once fraudulent activity has been noted, someone should take action to investigate the situation and determine if a fraud has been committed. Being aware of these activity are only step one and is usually not enough for the organization. Once these activity are identified, you must take action to determine its effect. Evaluating the fraudulent activity may be accomplished by financial analysis, observation or by any other technique that tests an apparent weakness. Once the analysis is complete it’s time to move on to correct the situation (Wells, 2012). . Critique the ethical nature of Pavlo’s actions in this case: Walt Pavlo, the Credit Collections Manager at MCI Telecommunications, Inc. Falsified MCI accounts receivables and stole $6 million from MCI, spoke of greed, opportunity, and culture. His testimony and facts, however, provides a far different view. This was a willful, active fraud involving a very small group of customers, executed by a very small group of peo ple. As a Fraudsters and white-collar, he acted deliberately, out of greed, power and perhaps even stupidity and ultimately got caught. These perpetrators exhibited many typical fraud behaviors. White-collar criminal that involves embezzlement and breach of trust being the prevalent modes involved. Pavlo had to collect on debts owed to MCI by large corporate clients. Pavlo’s job was not easy. MCI extended large amount of credit to high-risk customers and refused to write-off receivables as bad debt. By doing this, MCI was in violation of accounting principles. Pavol was desperate to keep his job, he began to employ suspect accounting techniques to hide the unpaid debt. You read "And the Fraud Continues" in category "Papers" By falsification of accounting record in contravention of Pavlo, also found a way to siphon off $6 million for personal aggrandizement (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg, 121). Pavlo claim of trying unsuccessfully to get MCI to take a $180 million charge blatantly conflicts with the facts. In a 2002 article, Pavlo had claimed the number was $88 million. Either inflation has increased his number or he didn’t review his earlier stories! Pavlo’s actions was illegal which would be characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust. Which are not dependent upon the application or threat of force or violence. Pavlo action was a self-centered and motivated by his own greed, without regard for ethics or fiduciary duty to co-workers, and stakeholder (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). When it comes to Walter Pavlo Jr. and the choices he made. The phrase â€Å"power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely† is false. Having power alone does not have the ability to corrupt, but it does provides one of the three elements necessary for a person to commit a fraudulent act. Trusted persons sometimes become trust violators. When they conceive themselves as having a financial problem which is non-sharable, are aware these problem can be secretly resolved by violation of the position of financial trust and are able to apply to their own conduct which enable them to adjust their conceptions of themselves as trusted (Coenen 2009). Regardless of what moral code may be in place. Corruption occurs when a person breaks the moral code or principle that pertains to him or her. Which is what Pavlo did. According to the fraud triangle, in every instance of fraud three elements are present: motivation, opportunity, and rationalization (Coenen 2009). This theory was developed to help identify possible fraud, a name given to corruption within a business, it also applies to corruption in general. In order for corruption to happen, an individual or group of individuals, must have motivation, opportunity, and significant rationale to justify committing a fraudulent act. Because three elements must harmoniously combine to create an environment in which one may act corruptly, only one of the three elements needs thwarting to break the triangle and prevent corruption (Wells, 2012). All element of the fraud triangle must be present to break a moral code. The first element necessary where corruption may occur is motivation. Motivation can include a financial need, such as the need to take care of an ill parent who is quickly accumulating medical expenses far beyond what his or her family can pay. But motivation to commit a corrupt act can include perceived need also. When a person may be earning enough money to cover all of his or her needs, but he or she may feel driven to commit a corrupt act by a strong desire for a higher standard of living than he or she can not afford. A person may also come motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act. A person can also be motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). The second element which must be in place to commit a corrupt act is rationalization. Humans have the complex ability to think deductively, inductively, and process large amounts of information to make rational decisions. Unfortunately, one’s ability to â€Å"employ reason† (rationalize) may or may not lead him or her down the right path. Pavlo’s story provides an excellent example of poor reasoning. Pavlo rationalized stealing from MCI by telling himself that MCI was committing much more heinous crimes than he was. He believed that MCI was so crooked that it could not come after him for doing the much lesser crime of stealing a few accounts receivables (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). Pavlo’s opportunity to pilfer accounts receivables was granted to him by MCI’s poor control environment. Pavlo often engaged the accounts receivable department in a practice known as accounts receivable lapping, posting payments received from one customer to another’s account to make overdue accounts appear current, in order to meet corporate bad debt expense goals (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 101). MCI’s management encouraged and rewarded Pavlo for accounts receivable lapping and many other inventive and extremely illegal acts that helped MCI reach its projected financial numbers. MCI’s flagrant desire to illegally hide its bad debt gave Pavlo the opportunity to conceal the accounts receivable he was thieving within the constant myriad of lies that constituted MCI’s financial department (Wells, 2012). He was involved in asset Misappropriation: Asset misappropriation schemes are frauds in which the perpetrator steals or misuses an organization’s resources. Common examples of asset misappropriation include false invoicing, payroll fraud, and skimming (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). Corruption: In the context of occupational fraud, corruption refers to schemes in which fraudsters use their influence in business transactions in a way that violates their duty to their employers in order to obtain a benefit for themselves or someone else. For example, employees might receive or offer bribes, extort funds from third parties, or engage in conflicts of interest. Financial Statement Fraud: The third category of occupational fraud, financial statement fraud, involves the intentional misstatement or omission of material information from the organization’s financial reports; these are the cases of â€Å"cooking the books† that often make front page headlines. Financial statement fraud cases often involve the reporting of fictitious revenues or the concealment of expenses or liabilities in order to make an organization appear more profitable than it really is (Kranacher, Riley and Wells, 2010). It is fact that during 1996, MCI wrote off $120 million of carrier receivables and recognized even more exposure by adding to bad debt reserves. So, his claim that MCI â€Å"hid† bad debt expense is just bogus. He further claims â€Å"his bosses† said the maximum that could be written down would be $15 million, and that is also senseless (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). 4. Apply one (1) theory related to crime causation to this case: No one theory of crime explains all criminal activity and most theories are complementary to one another. You should approach crime causation with a multidimensional view because of the vast complexities involved in human actions and interactions. With that in mind, let’s take a look at one of the prominent theories that appears to relate to Pavlo’s fraud case. Social engineering/Social learning theory causation: They learn to engage in crime, primarily through their association with others. They are reinforced for crime, they learn beliefs that are favorable to crime, and they are exposed to criminal models. As a consequence, they come to view crime as something that is desirable or at least justifiable in certain situations. The primary version of social learning theory in criminology is that of Ronald Akers and the[pic] description that follows draws heavily on his work. Akers’s theory, in turn, represents an elaboration of Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory. The Sociological school of crime causation defines that social disorganization is a major factor in criminal behaviors. Specifically the Sociological Theories theorize that the impact of individuals with the surroundings, groups, and social environment can dictate criminal behavior. Under this school of crime causation crime can be the growth of subgroup relationships (McMullen, 2012). According to Weinberg’s research, white-collar criminals are not just ordinary people; they are smart, well-educated and ambitious. They often start as wide-eye fresh graduate’s at large corporations of which profit-driven culture infiltrates all levels within. Why do they turn out to be the thieves stealing from the economy $2. trillion per year? Weinberg argues that these people like Pavlo, do not just wake up one day and decide to commit in a greed-inspired fraud. In fact, only 7% of perpetrators have prior conviction. They operate business under the performance pressure from investors, and stockholders, which present opportunities for companies to hide flaws and falsify earnings at multiple levels. Wei nberg presents a triangle of Need/Incentives, Opportunity, and Rationalization as a combined force triggering ordinary people to commit extraordinary crimes. In his book, he suggests that by pushing ethics education at school and setting the right tone at the top, we can reduce the damages caused by corporate frauds (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). The connection between fraud and the â€Å"tone at the top† of an organization has received international attention over the last few years. Tone at the top refers to the ethical atmosphere that is created in the workplace by the organization’s leadership. Whatever tone management sets will have a trickle-down effect on employees of the company. If the tone set by managers upholds ethics and integrity, employees will be more inclined to uphold those same values. However, if upper management appears unconcerned with ethics and focuses solely on the bottom line, employees will be more prone to commit fraud because they feel that ethical conduct is not a focus or priority within the organization. Employees pay close attention to the behavior and actions of their bosses, and they follow their lead. In short, employees will do what they witness their bosses doing (McMullen, 2012). How to cite And the Fraud Continues, Papers

Motivating Staff through Efficient Management-Samples for Students

Question: Do reseach on "Motivating Staff through Efficient Supply Chain Management. Answer: I am looking forward to carry out a research on Motivating Staff through Efficient Supply Chain Management. This particular topic will equip would-be engineering managers with rudimentary skills of encouraging their subjects through effective supply chain management. It will provide them with an opportunity to apply knowledge gathered in class in their real-life situations. Publicly available secondary data on Motivating Staff through Efficient Supply Chain Management will be sourced from; https://data.gov.au/dataset?q=engineering+managers+Efficient+Supply+Chain+Managementsort=extras_harvest_portal+asc%2C+score+desc%2C+metadata_modified+desc. Secondary data gathered from this website plus other relevant sources will be used to expound on the selected topic. Which elements can engineering managers use to create a logical and testable model necessary to build a sustainable supply chain? Another research topic is; what archetypal engineering firms are doing unique in regard to motivating their staff through efficient supply chain management? Individual employee level of motivation, productivity, and the organizations core standard of performance are the variables whose relationship will be investigated in this research. I am planning to explore the relationship which exist among these variables that is whether proportional or disproportional. Staff motivation, effectivenessandengineering supply chain management are some of words and phrases I propose to use in Google scholar among other search engines to identify literature in the field of the research question. According to Manzoor, (2012), highly motivated staff members portray a comparatively higher level of productivity than their employees who are less motivated. However, Ganta, (2014) in his literature point out that staff motivation is not a key determiner of an individuals productivity since other factors such experience, attitude, peer influence significantly influence performance at workplace. Osabiya, (2015) states that a firms standard of performance depends entirely on the individual productivity of every employee and motivation is a key determiner of their contribution. References Ganta, V. C. (2014). Motivation in the workplace to improve the employee performance.International Journal of Engineering Technology,2(6), 221-230. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), 1. Osabiya, B. J. (2015). The effect of employees motivation on organizational performance.Journal of public administration and policy research,7(4), 62-75.

Oliver Twist Essays (939 words) - Fiction, Literature, Film

Oliver Twist With all of the symbolism and moral issues represented in Oliver Twist, all seem to come from real events from the life of its author, Charles Dickens. The novels protagonist, Oliver, is a good person at heart surrounded by the filth of the London streets. Filth that Dickens himself was forced to deal with in his everyday life. But through morals and mere chance Oliver becomes a living symbol. It?s probable that the reason Oliver Twist contains so much fear and agony is because it?s a reflection of occurrences in Charles Dickens' past. During his childhood, Charles Dickens suffered much abuse from his parents. This abuse is often expressed in his novel. While at the orphanage, Oliver experienced a great amount of abuse. For example, while suffering from starvation and malnutrition for a long period of time, Oliver was chosen by the other boys at the orphanage to request more gruel at dinner one night. After making this simple request, the master (at the orphanage) aimed a blow at Oliver's head with the ladle; pinioned him in his arms; and shrieked aloud for the beadle. The whole beginning of Oliver Twist's story was created from memories which related to Charles Dickens' childhood in a blacking factory (which was overshadowed by the Marshalsea Prison ). While working in the blacking factory, Dickens suffered tremendous humiliation. This humiliation is greatly expressed through Oliver's adventures at the orphanage before he is sent away. Throughout his lifetime, Dickens appeared to have acquired a fondness for "the bleak, the sordid, and the austere.? (Bloom 231) Most of Oliver Twist, for example, takes place in London's lowest slums. The city is described as a maze which involves a "mystery of darkness, anonymity, and peril." (Bloom 232) Many of the settings, such as the pickpocket's hideout, the surrounding streets, and the bars, are also described as dark, gloomy, and bland. Even while his life was in danger while in the hands of Fagin and Bill Sikes, two conniving pickpockets, he refused to participate in the stealing which he so greatly opposed. All Oliver really longed for was ?to escape from harsh living conditions and evil surroundings which he had grown up in.? (Walder 299) However, no matter how tempting the evil may have been, Oliver stood by his beliefs. Therefore, he can be referred to as: Unfortunately, many critics have found it hard to believe that a boy such as Oliver Twist could remain so innocent, pure, and well spoken given the long period of time in which he was surrounded by evil and injustices. Fagin the head of a group of young thieves, spends most of his time trying to "demoralize and corrupt Oliver and prevent him from ever coming into his inheritance." (Hobsbaum 72) To Oliver, he is seen as an escape from all previous misery. He also helps Oliver to ease any fears about starvation and loneliness. One element relied heavily upon in this novel is symbolism. Obviously, escape is an important symbol in Oliver Twist. Oliver is seeking various forms of escape from conditions which makes him unhappy and from his loneliness and starvation. Since dealing with escapism, it is not surprising that death also plays a major role as a symbol in this story. In the novel, death and coffins symbolize a happy and peaceful manner of escape. It is suggested that only loneliness and brutality exist on earth. Supposedly, there is no sanctity on the planet, which is a belief that goes against the idea of a ?Heaven on earth.? (Praz 54) Another important symbol within the novel is "two separate and conflicting dualisms: one, social, between the individual and the institution; the second, moral, between the respectable and the criminal." (Praz 56) Most of Oliver Twist seems to imply that "it is better to be a thief than to be alone." (Walder 152) This tends to make the reader think that Dickens favors the criminal aspect of his novel over the moral side. However, the conflict between the individual and the institution leads to Dickens' criticism of social injustices such as injusticestowards the poor. Also in the form of satire, Dickens attempts to "challenge the pleasurability of fortune." (Romano 81) Aside from satire, Dickens uses various other devices in writing this novel. One of the most common is that of coincidence. For example, Oliver just happened to end up, first, at the house of Mr. Brownlow, who at one time was a really good friend of Oliver's father. Then, later on, Oliver ends up at Rose Maylie's house,

Psychopharmacology Essay Sample

Psychopharmacology Essay Sample Psychopharmacology and the Effects of Discontinuance Essay Example Psychopharmacology and the Effects of Discontinuance Essay Example Psychiatric medications have been used to control mental disorders for a long time. Their use has been based on little pharmacological understanding of their mode of action in the patients. However, the medication has played a critical role in restoring normalcy in the patient’s mental state of mind. Some medication has impacted negatively on the patient’s health, especially after discontinuation. As a result, there has been an increased need for the caregivers in the psychiatric department to understand the pharmacological impact of the drugs and a wide range of side effect after withdrawal. Most patient use psychiatric medication because of the intense mental, psychological or emotional stress. However, although mental medication normally modifies the patient’s attitude just like any other psychoactive substances, it is essential to understand that such medication does not alter the underlying cause of emotional discomfort. There is a wide range of effects related to the discontinuation of psychiatric medications which includes somatic withdrawal syndrome, a condition that is often mistaken for a relapse. Besides, rapid onset psychotic response after drug withdrawal is common, especially for both neuroleptic drugs and clozapine. However, such outcomes are usual since much research on the medication is flawed. Moreover, there is the fact that current psychiatric conditions are iatrogenic. From the research, it evident that more analysis and investigation on psychiatric medication is essential in order to ensure adverse effects of drug discontinuation does not outweigh the benefits. Understanding Psychopharmacology Clear understanding of the drug pharmacology and its mechanism of action plays a critical role in explaining not only the therapeutic impact and side effects, but also the adverse effects when the medicine is discontinued (Wenzel, 2014). Therefore, a broad review and analysis of the potential consequences connected with the discontinuation of the numerous psychotropic medications is essential. Nowadays, commonly used antidepressants have low instances of side effects when compared to previously used ones. However, some less serious and potentially harmful side effects are associated with a range of new antidepressants prevalent in the market today in an attempt to argument the efficacy (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). Therefore, primary caregivers engaged in the modern psychiatry in the field of psychopharmacologic treatment of depression are required to be aware of the wide range of both minor and serious side effects. The paper largely focuses on psychopharmacology and the effects of disco ntinuing psychotropic medication. Most individuals start taking psychiatric medications due to an extreme sense of distress. The patient is either experiencing overwhelming states of emotional or psychological distress or a combination of both conditions. However, different labels are used for such states such as depression, anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, and mania among others and the labeling changes over time (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). In most instances, the physician informs the patients that their emotional discomfort is a result of mental disorders that have biochemical basis. Moreover,their distress is dangerous and needs to be controlled with the help of psychiatric drugs treatment. Mental medication normally effects the brain and modifies the attitude and awareness just like any other psychoactive substance (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). However, most medications can blunt or control the symptoms of the emotional discomfort by relaxing an individual, shocking the sensitivity, or making patients sleep. The y usually enable people to feel capable of living their lives more comfortably (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). Nonetheless, it is crucial to understand that psychiatric medication does not alter the underlying causes of the emotional distress or discomfort. It is often understood as the tool for coping mechanism that alleviates symptoms and paves the way for the transformation, but with significant risks for anyone who consumes the medication. Just like any other altering substances, psychiatric drugs are psychoactive and adjust the mind behavior through influencing the brain chemistry. Their importance and risks usually result from shifting the brain and altering the consciousness, including the placebo and expectation. In the current medical practice, psychiatric drugs shift the levels of chemicals known as neurotransmitters (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Such chemicals are linked with the mental and mood functioning, and all the cells in the nervous systems, including the brain cells, utilize the neurotransmitters to communicate with one another. When the neurotransmitters’ levels change within the body system, the receptor that receives and controls the neurotransmitter, tends to be more sensitive, thus shrinks in order to adjust (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). For instance, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are known to increase the level of the neurotransmitter in the brain, thus reducing the number of brain serotonin receptors. Furthermore, antipsychotic drugs such as Haldol usually lower the amount of dopamine receptors in the mind (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). The action of the neurotransmitters and the receptors is usually the same in any form of psychoactive medication. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitter including serotonin and dopamine, and the cocaine alters the levels of both serotonin and dopamine (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Despite the risk of psychiatric drugs, the benefits of the medications are widely promoted. The most important aspect of the drugs tends to be mixed with misleading claims. There are different ways psychiatric drugs can be useful. For instance, sleep deprivation is a single cause or contributor to emotional crisis and the psychiatric medication is used to control the condition (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). It is established that psychiatric drugs protect individuals from emotional crisis that is so severe that threatens their mental stability and even their lives. It is reported that symptoms feel manageable on medications and the episodes of depression or mania are eased. Besides, interrupting crisis and getting adequate sleep enable the patient to reduce stress, an aspect that decreases life chaos (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). It is, usually, the groundwork for a greater stability and addresses a situation that could have been difficult to control. Irrespective of the medical principle of informed consent, physicians usually tend to leave crucial information about the psychiatric drugs they prescribe to the patients. Higher doses and extended use of such drugs changes tend to be deeper and long lasting (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). The drugs are often very difficult to stop using because of their adverse effects associated with withdrawal. Though the brain has the potential to heal and repair itself, such process takes a long period for it to recover fully from the withdrawal (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). Besides, it is essential to understand that neuroleptic drugs, though claimed to be anti-psychotic, rarely target psychosis or specific symptoms of mental disorder. Instead, they only diminish the brain functioning in general for any patient using the above medication. Most patients using the drugs report that their psychotic symptoms continue to persist though their emotional reaction tends to lessen. Health and Mental Risk Associated with the Psychiatric Drugs Deciding whether to come off psychiatric drugs implies evaluating both the risks and benefits involved, including essential information about the effects. However, drug effects can vary significantly among individuals. Psychiatric drugs are harmful and can injure the patient’s body (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Neuroleptic drugs can cause life-threatening problems known as neuroleptic malignant syndrome as well as Parkinson disease. Besides, regular blood checkup is crucial for drugs such as lithium and clozapine in order to assess any potential physical harm. Besides, many psychiatric drugs have been found to lead to sudden heart attack, kidney failure, and other serious blood disorders among other effects (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Other toxic effects include interfering with the normal menstrual cycle flow, pregnancy, and serotonin syndrome. Furthermore, psychiatric drugs have the potential to injure the brain cells. For instance, tardive dyskinesia is a common problem that leads to disfigurement of the persons facial fits. It is very widespread among the patients taking high and enduring anti-psychotic drugs (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Antipsychotic medication has been found to cause brain shrinkage while anti-depressant leads to memory problems and increases vulnerability to depression. Other effects include mental and cognitive impairment and brain injury. The drug effect poses the risk of lowering the quality of life, including decreased sexuality, depression, and increased sense of restlessness. Lithium medications interact with water and salt within the patient’s body, leading to potency fluctuation (Wenzel, 2014). Although regular blood tests are used to keep the lithium dosage in check, individuals using the medication are usually at a higher risk of exposure to it. Other psychiatric drugs such as Ritalin and Adderall have been reported to cause stunted growth among the children. They also present an unknown risk to the normal brain growth. Besides, just like amphetamines, Ritalin and Adderall are also addictive and cause psychosis and heart problems (Wenzel, 2014). Mental health risks are the least understood aspects of psychiatric medications. Such medications make psychotic symptoms worse and raise the likelihood of having a crisis. The drugs have the potential to change receptors. For instance, such neurotransmitter as dopamine makes a patient supersensitive to psychosis (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). As a result, it raises sensitivity of the emotions and the experiences. It has been reported that psychiatric drug prompts suicidal feelings as one of the psychotic symptoms. However, physicians tend to respond by prescribing more drugs to the diagnosis. Furthermore, many people experience increasing change in personality, including feeling drugged, emotional blunting, reduced physics, and impaired creativity (Wenzel, 2014). Patients taking psychiatric medication, particularly anti-psychotics, have been found to develop long term problems as mental patients. Side Effect of Psychopharmacology Discontinuance The discontinuation or reduction of psychiatric drugs leads to adverse medical problems. The somatic discontinuation syndrome also commonly known as a withdrawal reaction is the most prevalent. The syndrome usually refers to the psychological expression of the biological effects caused by the discontinuation of a regularly administered medication (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). Such syndromes have previous been conceptualized as resulting from biological adaptations to the continued psychotic drug use, which became suddenly unopposed when the drug is withdrawn, especially abruptly. It is now established that the withdrawal syndrome occurs with a wide array of medications, and not only the anti-depressants and neuroleptics. However, the response to the lithium medication has been recognized as the most frequent (Landry Skalli, 2010). In some instances, the discontinuation reaction has been reported to persist for an extended period of times (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). Besides, the most c ases of withdrawal symptoms usually included behavioral and psychological ones such as restlessness, anxiety, and impaired sleep which are often interpreted as the signs of relapse. Rapid Onset Psychosis Rapid onset psychosis is one of the common effects of psychopharmacology discontinuation. It entails occurrence of the psychotic incidents shortly after withdrawal from long term usage of psychiatric drugs, particularly neuroleptic. However, the occurrence of such cases is higher in clozapine, where a number of cases have demonstrated this effect in the patients with both treatment resistance and responsive psychosis (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). The rapid onset psychosis appears usually few days after the withdrawal, and the symptoms tend to be consistent including visual hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and hostility. Nonetheless, most of the cases have been documented in the people without previous psychiatric histories. In addition, there are few cases of new onset psychotic symptoms documented in the patients that were previously diagnosed with manic depression problem (Landry Skalli, 2010). Nonetheless, evidence points out the possibility that psychotic reaction tends to be distinctive from the underlying disorder and usually represents an iatrogenic syndrome. The prevalence of the people without previous known psychiatric history strengthens the evidence to this effect and the new start of specific signs documented in many other cases (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). The comparative constancy of the symptoms also indicates the possibility that they are all related to the symptoms of stimulant psychosis attributed to over-activity of the dopamine. However, the rapidity of the onset indicates that the phenomenon is a physical manifestation of the withdrawal process. Furthermore, in the case of clozapine, it is explicit that the occurrence of the effects coincided with the somatic withdrawal syndrome (Landry Skalli, 2010). Although it is challenging to understand how frequent the somatic syndrome is, it has been described commonly after the clozapine withdrawal, an aspect att ributable to the clozapine short half-life. However, as for the psychiatric drugs with a longer half-life, a withdrawal psychosis is often misinterpreted for a naturally occurring reversion, since its onset tends to be less rapid (Marin EscoÃŒ bar, 2013). Psychological Reaction and Misattribution Theoretically, reduction or discontinuation of psychiatric drugs has the potential to prompt psychological reactions that are similar to the opposite of the placebo effect commonly known as the nocebo effect (Landry Skalli, 2010). The term describes a situation where expectation of illness induces real illness. A number of investigations have shown that individuals can become ill and psychologically stressed through suggestion. Nocebo effect is the idea that the outcome of the withdrawal may become influenced by the negative anticipation of the psychiatric patients or others involved with their care. It is usually influenced by either reduction of the drug supply in the body or the somatic withdrawal because of the drug amount reduced (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Theoretically, it can be distinguished from the psychological symptoms displayed directly by the biological effects of the drug discontinuation though in practice it might be problematic. Nonetheless, a psychologica l reaction might be less consistent in its symptom profile and the onset rather than the withdrawal symptom (Landry Skalli, 2010). Therefore, anxiety tends to be the most prominent symptom of misattribution. An individual involved with the patients’ care experiences substantial anxiety about changes in medication, specifically, in the reduction in long-term drug treatment. As a result, such feeling may be transferred to the patient and tend to exacerbate the psychological reaction in the patients (Sinacola Peters-Strickland, 2012). Besides, there is a related scenario that normal long-term fluctuations in the patient’s condition are misattributed to the impact of the drug withdrawal by the patient or others who are concerned about the outcome of the reduction. It is a very common incident and occurs when clinical offices are opposed to the decision to decrease discontinuation of the medication (Stahl, 2014). In such situation, all the negative events that happen after change in the psychiatric drug schedule are related to it irrespective of the previous occurrences. Psychological reaction is a very critical concept just like physiological withdrawal syndrome; it is usually mistaken for relapse. Moreover, they contribute to the re-occurrence of the psychotic illness (Stahl, 2014). Re-Occurrence of an Underlying Condition This complication results from the relapse or the exacerbation of the underlying medical illness due to discontinuation of the psychiatric drugs. The association between the decreased medication and relapse is usually complex (Stahl, 2014). However, a relapse occurs after the prescribed medications discontinuation largely because of the removal of the beneficial prophylactic impacts of the medication (Wenzel, 2014). Furthermore, the withdrawal process in itself also induces a degeneration that would not otherwise have ensued during the time of the natural course of the disorder. Despite the earlier skepticism, there is a consensus that discontinuing of lithium medication raises the risk of relapse of the manic depression above the levels related to the natural course of the mental illness. The increased risk of relapse is usually common within the first few days of discontinuations and usually ends thereafter. However, high rate of relapse occurs after a rapid withdrawal compared to a gradual withdrawal (Stahl, 2014). Besides, the rate of recurrence after withdrawal from lithium medication usually exceeds the rates of episodes before lithium medication initiation (Wenzel, 2014). Pharmacodynamics Adaptation Long-term use of psychiatric drugs, especially those that suppress specific neurotransmitters, is believed to cause the compensatory rises in the number of sensitivity of the relevant receptors. When such receptors are no longer suppressed by the drugs, there is usually an over activity of the neurotransmitters systems (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). It results in characteristic discontinuation syndromes that lead to rapid onset psychosis and eventually pharmacodynamics stress, which increases the vulnerability to a relapse. Furthermore, research on the super sensitivity psychosis has indicated that humans exhibit shifts in dopamine receptors, especially after a long period of neuroleptic drug use. Nonetheless, the connection between dopamine and psychosis receptor over-sensitivity has not been examined empirically while presumed manifestations of dopamine super-sensitivity such as prolactin sensitivity have not been demonstrated consistently (EÃŒ lie et al., 2010). Elevated risk of relapse consequent on the discontinuation of the medication is largely attributed to the same model of pharmacodynamics adaptations. Abrupt withdrawal of neuroleptics and lithium is usually associated with elevated risks. On the other hand, gradual withdrawal would be consistent with such explanation because of the lower opportunity for adaptations and return to normal (Landry Skalli, 2010). Since the adaptation is usually present only for weeks in human after a single dose, it explains why the risk of relapse persists months after the initial withdrawal. Furthermore, psychological reaction to the discontinuation of the psychiatric medication causes symptom and increases the vulnerability to relapse. Research case studies indicate such effects in humans with psychosis. However, psychological reaction is also very prevalent among individual suffering from depression (Landry Skalli, 2010). Besides, psychological effects combine with pharmacodynamics mechanisms in dif ferent ways. For instance, elimination sedating and intoxicating effects of the medication raise the anxiety directly or indirectly by reminding people that their medication is being discontinued. Therefore, the psychological reactions of the staffs, patients, and the caregivers are critical determinants of the success or failure of discontinuation (Landry Skalli, 2010). In conclusion, it is evident that though psychopharmacology plays a critical role in psychiatry; withdrawal often leads to a variety of effects either minor or serious. Although antidepressants and other medication alleviate the potential impairing syndrome of depression and other mental illnesses, it is essential to acknowledge the significance of their side effects in order to maintain compliance (Wenzel, 2014) However, since the adverse effects outlined above may be mistaken for a re-emergence of the underlying illness, it will be essential to re-evaluate the evidence on the value of maintenance of the psychiatric medications. The placebo groups are often subject to above adverse effects. However, since such facts are often overlooked, they are attributable to the underlying illness and are taken as evidence of superiority of the continued use of such medications (Goldberg Ernst, 2012). When relapse is basically evaluated simply as clinical deterioration, somatic discontinuation symptoms, as well as anxiety induced process are mistaken for it. There is the critical need for improvement in the awareness of the side effects of the psychiatric medications used in the treatment of most disabling mental illnesses (Stahl, 2014). As a result, it will play a critical role in eliminating misinterpretation evident between side effects and relapse of the condition and ensure that the benefits of discontinuation outweigh the side effects.

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Social Psychology - Essay Example his subject that the author of this paper was able to obtain a clearer understanding of the aggressive dimension of self and individuals within our sphere. Furthermore, social psychology bridges the gap between sociology and psychology. Hence, this subject holds great intrigue for this writer particularly because of the dynamic new knowledge it explores in its synthesis yet separate sociological and psychological dimensions. In essence social psychology is a 20th Century phenomenon. The authors of the article, Social psychology insists that perhaps the most influential thought in social psychology was Herbert Spencer, who was known for expounding on Darwin’s biological theory. They believe Spencer coined the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest†. The authors assert that sociologists such as Edward Ross and others like him initiated social psychology within sociology. Simultaneously, they observed that psychologists such as J. Mark Baldwin and William McDougall began to investigate social psychology. Consequently, this merging of psychologists and sociologists fuelled an explosion in research in the field of social psychology. (Social psychology: once overlooked, now a staple) Aspelmeier proposes three major landmarks in the development of this field. First, in 1898, the first social psychology experiment was conducted by Norm Triplett’s on the phenomenon of social facilitation studies. The second landmark was the publication of the first textbook in this field by McDougal in 1908 and third, the influence of Hitler and World War 11. This era saw a migration of European psychologists to other countries; specifically it brought gestalt psychologists to America. Kurt Lewin, who is sometimes called the father of social psychology, was one such psychologist. This exodus from the Nazi rule sparked much research into authority figures, group dynamics, prejudice and aggression. In addition, the U.S. military utilized these social psychologists for needed research in

MUS 306 Introduction to Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

MUS 306 Introduction to Jazz - Essay Example After school my friends and I bordered a bus, our stop was no any other place but scullars jazz club. How thrilling was it to set eyes on this big entertainment scenario, in our hands were tickets for the entry fee. On the stage there was colorful arrangement of instruments, their was a tall man with a complete apparel holding a golden shinning trumpet, on his immediate right was this slender man with a white shirt touching his saxophone repeatedly staring at the crowd which was almost going wild due to the thrills from the band. The description is not yet over if we leave behind this short blonde with a piano spread before him then there was this wooden gadget which I could identify as the clarinet. The clarinet is one of the prominent gadgets used in the jazz music stage. On the middle was this tall stand with a silvery microphone As was routine with these jazz band music it was played from Wednesday to Saturday every week. Our timing was pretty good we were at the club by 10.00 pm. The stage floor was covered in black soft velvet. As the revelers that night we took a sit on the sofas with our tables full of well lit candles with some wine on our glasses. Yes this is how the place should be, I whispered to myself. The people I saw to be following the sound from their seats. The song was summertime by Gershwin, in most of the occasions people could stand with their spouses dancing salsas kind of dance In its performance the music involved diversified styles of communicative aspects ranging from the tonal variation in which there was difference in the way the sound flow was. The content of the music involved the various life issues it was a blend of many music features in which the voice of the singer was well accompanied by the sound from the instruments. In addition, there is expression of emotions and feelings by the singer the case be. This actually involved the love

Left with writer to choose one from the list emailed to him Essay

Left with writer to choose one from the list emailed to him - Essay Example Emily is the round and dynamic characters in Faulkner's work while the flat and static characters are his father and the townsmen for no changes or developments. The setting of the story is the funeral of Emily attended by her relatives and the townspeople. The life of Emily has always been an open book. The story of her life is narrated in the third person point of view or narrated in the eyes of the townspeople. Emily's life has always been filled with all the rich and elegant belongings for her father raised her to be a fine and beautiful woman. She has lived a life comparable to a princess wherein the townspeople admired and adored her beauty. Women of her age envied her social status for all the men in the town focused on her admirable beauty. The limelight has made Emily the apple of the people's eye. She was always watched, applauded and criticized. The people in the town had control of how to live her life. Emily's father wanted to secure her by preventing any eligible bachelor to be Emily's future partner in life. The constrained life of Emily seemed to be ideal for everyone who only saw one side of the story. They were not able to feel the emptiness and loneliness that Emily felt because of his controlling father and the manipulative hands of the townspeople. Faulkner's story had an unexpected turn. ... Her affair with Homer was a union of two souls bound by their love and commitment symbolized freedom for Emily. She felt liberated by the idea of disobedience of her father's will and the people's expectations of her. Everyone believed that Emily deserved someone better than Homer and that she did not have to settle for anyone less simply because she felt lonely and alone. The climax in Faulkner's story was when Emily gave up everything she had when she chose Homer. She knew that her father would never take her back and the people would never forgive her for her own decision to get married to Homer. All throughout their relationship, Emily realized that the life of a married woman was no more than perfect. When Emily found out about Homer's fervent desire to have leave and that Homer was not willing to give up his drinking pals and his vices, she felt dismay and fear. She has already accepted the truth that she could never have him forever and she did not have enough strength to face the consequences of this revelation. Emily has always been afraid to live alone for she spent her younger years with his father's support and love that when her father died, it was hard for her to accept the truth that she will no longer be able to see his father again. Her denial caused her to become sickly and weak. In this time of distress, she sought for a new pillar of strength which she thought she found in Homer. He expected that Homer was courageous enough to leave all of his worldly activities and settle in peace with Emily. She gave everything that Homer wished. It was like she doubted the love and trust of Homer for if she really believed that he loves her without any restrictions,

Be a Better Person than Yesterday

Be a Better Person than Yesterday How has been lifelong learning molded me into who I am today and who I will be tomorrow? Today I am a better person because of what I have learned yesterday and with this growth, I will be a better person tomorrow. Day to day living is also day to day learning, everything I do and to everyone I interact with I have an opportunity to be enlightened in my wisdom. I believe that learning starts at the moment of conception when the sperm and egg meet dynamics begins and so does the learning. During development, I was programmed from the DNA that my parents had contributed and from their parents and from theirs and so on. Some of the earliest learning experiences that I can faintly remember would be potty training. The countless hours that my parents had invested in me had pain off so that I am able to potty in a toilet, this is important so that I can be like that of my friends. Having Family that interacts on a daily to a weekly basis gave me insight on the culture that my parents came from, lessons on cooking that great Italian spaghetti to growing vegetables and fruits down on the farm. Growing up in Catholic schools set the standard for my values and morals, being polite and addressing an adult in the appropriate manner. Other lessons like shoe tying and how to use your handkerchief to counting and knowing the alphabet. School gave me the basic skills needed to interact in the world around me and to help me better learn the lessons that the schools do not teach. Having teachers that truly loved what they were doing and sometimes not ever knowing the results of how students moved on and what succe ss may have come from their work. Grade school and high school furthered my basic skills and started to give me some insight to what I might do as a grown up, along with the skills on continued learning habits. Having an English teacher that saw my hidden talents in poetry used that as a tool to sharpen my skills in writing and grammar and to the gym teacher who pushed me to be the true athlete that I could be. My music teacher who wanted the best for me when it came to singing and never gave up and made the extra time after school to help make improvements to my awesome vocals. The principle that wanted so much to punch me because at times I would push his buttons gave me insight on how to deal with kids like me. My coaches made me strong and brave, quick thinking and agile. Having friends that had some of the same morals and values as me helped in keeping me out of trouble or going in the wrong direction. Going to church and having faith has kept me humble at times when I thought too much of myself. Helping those that were less fortunate than myself get clothes and food, and to help the elderly people that needed yard work done or heavy things moved in the house. Faith gives me the strength in troubled times or when things are going in a direction that I am not sure of. Taking classes to a Christian councilor for married couples had helped in being compassionate for others and teaches how to be a loving person. Living in a small town has its perks; we have the ability to know a large majority of the people that live in the community. I had been raised not only by my parents and family but by the neighbors and those that lived in the community. Active as I was in school sports and church events many people knew me, so I had lots of people looking out for me. Growing up in this small town I had become a key figure among the younger kids, they looked up to me and knew that they would be safe around me. One event that had recently come to light is when a young woman had posted on a popular website on how I would take kids ice skating in the winter and when one of the little children had fallen and hurt her head badly I had carried her all the way home. This event had brought to my attention that so many of these life events had been training me for the job that I have today, and what I plan on doing for the rest of my life. I have also spent four years in the Air National Guard and learned some great organizing skills and mechanical and electrical troubleshooting skills. Training in the military gives you the leadership skills needed to teach and train those that want to learn along with tools to help anyone that needs help. I went into the law enforcement field after time in the guard and acquired skills for dealing with people in difficult situations and how to deal with people when they are at their worst and how to maintain order in chaotic situations. I had training in keeping your temperament intact when everything around you is in complete disorder. Having decided to go back to school to get more education to further myself in my career in working with teens and children with autism has been a learning experience in itself. Lifelong learning is and will always be a major part of my life. We can learn from each other in a school setting or in real life experiences if we pay close attention to the world around us. Everything we do and everyone we come in contact with can teach us something about ourselves and something about the world. In the past ten years, I had really taken a closer look at myself to really get to know who I am, and what it is I am to do to cause a change in the world. I have found my gift and with all the events that have happened to me taught me and molded me into the person who I am today. Tomorrow I will be a different person only by opening up my mind and learn everything that there is to learn for a better tomorrow. Taking the opportunity of online learning has given me a better outlook of who I am and the confidence that I need to continue on in getting a master degree in psychology. I had to drop the attitude I once carried about school and the classes that I have to take even though I dont see the need for it now. All these things help in making lifelong learned a vital part of my life, which in turn I hope to make it a vital part of someone elses life.

DNA :: Deoxyribonucleic Acid essays research papers

DNA DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is described, in Encarta Encyclopedia as a genetic material of all cellular organisms and most viruses. DNA carries the information needed to direct protein synthesis and replication. Protein synthesis is the production of the proteins needed by the cell or virus for its activities and development. Replication is the process by which DNA copies itself for each descendant cell or virus, passing on the information needed for protein synthesis. In most cellular organisms, DNA is organized on chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell. A molecule of DNA consists of two chains, strands composed of a large number of nucleotides, that are linked together to form a chain. These chains look like a twisted ladder and are called a double helix. Each nucleotide consists of three units: sugar molecules called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four different nitrogen containing compounds, also called bases. The four are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). The deoxyribose molecule occupies the center of the nucleotide, with the phosphate group on one side and a base on the other. The phosphate group of each nucleotide is also linked to the deoxyribose of the adjacent nucleotide in the chain. These linked deoxyribose-phosphate subunits form the side rails of the ladder. The bases face inward toward each other, forming the steps of the ladder. The nucleotides in one DNA strand have a specific association with the corresponding nucleotides in the other DNA strand. Because of the chemical affinity of the bases, nucleotides containing adenine are always paired with nucleotides containing thymine, and nucleotides containing cytosine are always paired with nucleotides containing guanine. The complementary bases are joined to each other by weak chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds. DNA carries the instructions for the production of proteins. A protein is composed of smaller molecules called amino acids, and the structure and function of the protein is determined by the sequence of its amino acids. The sequence of amino acids, in turn, is determined by the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA. A sequence of three nucleotide bases, called a triplet, is the genetic code word, or codon, that specifies a particular amino acid. For instance, the triplet GAC (guanine, adenine, and cytosine) is the codon for the amino acid leucine, and the triplet CAG (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) is the codon for the amino acid valine.

The First Contact in Apocalypse Now

The First Contact in Apocalypse Now and Heart of DarknessIn Apocalypse Now, Francis Ford Coppola obviously modifies and embellishes the characters, scenes and dialogue of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. However, with only minor modification Coppola powerfully represents Charlie Marlow’s first contact with Kurtz’ camp. Marlow is greeted by a completely unexpected young Russian adventurer who had become a part of Kurtz’s family. Although Coppola has changed the Russian adventurer into an American photojournalist he has kept the characterizations and dialogue very close to Conrad’s original. In doing so, the impact, theme and message of the cinematic and textual versions of the same scene are virtually parallel. Nonetheless several elements missing from the screen version causes it to be less than helpful in understanding the text version.The young Russian was Charlie Marlow’s first sight when he reached Kurtz’ camp and he looked at hi m â€Å"in astonishment. There he was before me, in motley, as though he had absconded from a troupe of mimes, enthusiastic, fabulous. His very existence was improbable, inexplicable, and altogether bewildering† (p. 119). Although not English like Marlow, he made immediate note of his commonality as a â€Å"brother sailor† (p. 116). Rather impetuously he requests some of Marlow’s â€Å"excellent English tobacco† while pointing out â€Å"your pilot-house wants a clean up!† (p. 115). Aware of Marlow’s potential peril at the hands of the natives, he advises him to keep the boat’s whistle ready; â€Å"one good screech will do more for you than all your rifles† (p. 115).The Russian took it upon himself, and appeared literally compelled to tell Marlow as much as possible of Kurtz and his relationship with him. He was clearly in awe of Kurtz and yet casually mentioned Kurtz had threatened to kill him. He described the great intellectu al and emotional conversations they shared. He made no apologies for the obvious atrocities carried out under Kurtz’ command—human heads mounted on stakes. As an explanation he pleaded to Marlow â€Å"you don’t know how such a life tries a man like Kurtz† (p. 124).He denied Kurtz was mad; he protested â€Å"you can’t judge Mr. Kurtz as you would an ordinary man† (p. 121). In spite of it all—or perhaps because of it all—the Russian had nursed Kurtz through illnesses and tried to convince Kurtz to leave the jungle. But Kurtz remained: according to the Russian â€Å"this man suffered too much. He hated all this, and somehow he couldn’t get away† (p. 121). The Russian knew it was time to leave and perhaps time for Kurtz to leave as well, and Marlow gave him cartridges, tobacco and even shoes as he was leaving the camp. Upon leaving he exclaimed â€Å"you ought to have heard him recite poetry—his own, too†¦oh, he enlarged my mind!† (131).Coppola is very faithful to the original in his characterization of the American photojournalist who greets Willard on his arrival. The American, nameless as Conrad’s Russian, quickly establishes his commonality with Willard and the crew, crying out â€Å"American! I’m an American civilian!† Similarly he quickly boards the boat, stating happily â€Å"you got the cigarettes!† and exclaiming â€Å"This boat is a mess, man!† Willard is flabbergasted at his appearance, but just as grateful as Marlow when the American advises â€Å"just zap ‘em with your siren!† in reference to the hostile natives surrounding the boat.The American, like the Russian, is a â€Å"disciple† of Kurtz and takes it upon himself to tell Willard all he can about Kurtz and his relationship with him. He’s concerned Willard has â€Å"come to take him away† this â€Å"great man† who is â€Å"a poet warr ior in the classic sense.† Like the Russian, the American has also been threatened with death by Kurtz but is loyal nonetheless. Willard, like Marlow, sees the grotesque heads on pikes and the American responds â€Å"you’re looking at the heads—sometimes he goes too far† and fears â€Å"you’re gonna call him crazy.†The two scenes are virtually parallel in theme and message. The appearance of both characters is completely unexpected and adds the suspense of â€Å"what else can be expected in this other-worldly place?† The unexpectedness is combined with the theme of being caught off-guard by the appearance of someone â€Å"familiar† in an unfamiliar environment. Is it safe or dangerous to trust this person?Additionally the characters provide Marlow/Willard with â€Å"interpretations† and defense of Kurtz, which is equally frightening when the profound effect of Kurtz upon the characters is revealed. It is a very effective way of giving substance to a man who has yet to be seen. The characters are very appropriate gatekeepers to the â€Å"Heart of Darkness† Marlow/Willard are about to enter. The message is the power Kurtz can exert on a fellow European/American and both reader and viewer are left to wonder what effect Kurtz will have on Marlow/Willard.Unfortunately Coppola’s scene does little to assist in understanding the scene as written by Conrad for a very simple reason: despite the dramatic jolt the American gives, he is an â€Å"incomplete† if not â€Å"throwaway† character. Conrad’s Russian is a man of his own adventure who had nursed Kurtz and urged him to leave; he clearly recognizes the time to move on, which helps put Kurtz and his influence on the Russian in perspective.Coppola’s American, by contrast, has not been of any assistance to Kurtz nor urged him to leave, and is not heard from after bringing Willard into the camp. The Russian has survived and thrown off the influence of Kurtz; whether the American survives is left to the imagination. Despite this, Coppola has provided the viewer a powerful visual representation of the entry into the Heart of Darkness.ReferencesConrad, Joseph. (2003). Heart of Darkness. New York: Barnes & Noble.Coppola, Francis F. Apocalypse Now. 1979. Zoetrope Studios.

Free Essays on Euthyphro

of wisdom from the ignorant Eythyphro. Socrates makes a great point, in explaining that different god’s have different views. I know even Jesus and God had different opinions and views on certain religious theories. For an example god wanted harm brought against people who were evil, which Jesus preached about forgiveness and love for all humanity. Yes, he might be pleasing one or two gods , but at the same time pissing off other gods, who have different beliefs. I feel that Euthyphro did no wrong in... Free Essays on Euthyphro Free Essays on Euthyphro EUTHYPHRO Euthyphros charges against his father are ridiculous and impious. A man kills another man, "even it was in a drunken rage" deserves to be punished for his actions. That’s my view on murder, however I do feel there is a time to kill, like if his father was a vicious man or had killed before. The indictment, which happened many years ago, will have a great effect on his fathers life. I have no knowledge on the penalties that were received at for murder, but I am sure they were severe. I am not certain that Euthyphro thought out how sever the consequences of his charges, were going to be on his father. Maybe he did and just didn’t care, having that much hatred towards his father. If I had more background on Euthyphros relationship with his father, I might be able to understand a little better why he would do this to his own father. Euthyphro feels he is being pious for what he is doing, he has abandoned the fact, that the laborer killed the slave in cold blood. I realize that the man was just a degrading slave, but he is a human being too and deserves justice. In my eye’s that’s not being very pious at all. Euthyphro set double standards for his laborer and the slave. Where is the piouty in that? "I think, Socrates, that the godly and pious is the part of the just that is concerned with the care of the gods, while that concerned with the care of men is the remaining part of justice." Words of wisdom from the ignorant Eythyphro. Socrates makes a great point, in explaining that different god’s have different views. I know even Jesus and God had different opinions and views on certain religious theories. For an example god wanted harm brought against people who were evil, which Jesus preached about forgiveness and love for all humanity. Yes, he might be pleasing one or two gods , but at the same time pissing off other gods, who have different beliefs. I feel that Euthyphro did no wrong in... Free Essays on Euthyphro The title of the work that will be examined in this paper is the â€Å"Euthyphro† by Plato. Aristocles, also known as Plato, wrote this dialogue in the year 380 B.C.E., shortly after the death of his teacher and mentor Socrates (ca. 399 B.C.E.) (Pojman 16). The Euthyphro is a dialogue between Socrates and a religious expert named Euthyphro. During his lifetime Socrates never wrote down any of his teachings or thoughts so the Euthyphro and many other dialogues like it serve as the only source of information on the life and teachings of the Western World’s greatest thinker. The dialogue begins when Socrates meets Euthyphro by the Porch of the King Archon. Socrates and Euthyphro exchange greetings and each asks what the other’s business is at the court. Socrates explains to Euthyphro that he is being charged by Meletus, a hooked-nose unknown, with inventing false gods, not recognizing the gods of the state, and corrupting the youth of Athens. After a brief inqui ry to the specifics of the charges Euthyphro assures Socrates that his affair will end in nothing and that both of them shall win their cause. Upon hearing this Socrates asks Euthyphro what his suit is. Euthyphro responds that he is the prosecuter in the case of his servant’s murder by his father’s hand. Socrates becomes astounded when he hears of this and proceeds to tell Euthyphro that in order for a son to prosecute his own father he must have achieved a high state of wisdom because the common man knows little about these matters. Euthyphro, ironically, replies that yes a person must be extraordinary do undertake this task. Euthyphro then goes on to explain that whether or not the wrongdoer is a relative or a stranger they must be brought to justice by trial. It is at this point that the dialogue, which will attempt to answer the question â€Å"what is piety?†, ensues. This paper will analyze the four arguments and reversals posed by the dialogue. It will a lso give cr... Free Essays on Euthyphro Plato’s Euthyphro is an obscure dialogue conversation that attempts to unveil an ideal meaning of piety. The purpose of this paper as a whole is to analyze transitions as to where definitions of piety are being made. Furthermore, it will attempt to explain the separation of morality as independent of religion (a system of social beliefs), while attempting to define morality. It is essential to understand the role of the gods to establish the definition of piety. All those in Athenian society during Plato’s existence who did wrong, did wrong against the gods. Therefore, all wrong doers are prosecuted for the sake of the gods. It was seen that these wrong doers did commit a wrong that was ungodly. On the other hand, it was unknown to Plato what exactly godliness and ungodliness where. As the conversation continues and it seems there is a collaboration of thoughts and ideas on behalf of both men to develop the definition of piety. Plato states â€Å"that piety would be knowledge of how to give to, and beg from, the gods† [14d]. This final definition clearly indicates that piety is something that the gods receive from man. The offerings of thankfulness and outward respect to them are things which Euthyphro believes are dear to the gods. Thus, making what is dear to the gods pious. Being pious is approved by Gods; not the things which G ods thinks are pious. Humanity though, is provided with no basic understanding of the term piety. All they know of is one effect of piety. The fact that it is a thing that pleases the Gods is co-extensive with the definition of piety. An act of piety always has an element of justice, but an act of justice will not always be pious. How are morals established and who decides what’s moral? The â€Å"moral majority† decides this. The consensus of those which govern laws govern the morality of a particular society. However, everyone may not have similar beliefs as to what morality is. For examp...

buy custom U.S. Embassy Cables essay

buy custom U.S. Embassy Cables essay In my research I explore U.S. embassy cables related to a crisis in the relations between the United States and Armenia over arms transfers to Iran. The cables were published by WikiLeaks in December 2008. The main the reason why I chose this topic is because I am interested in any development concerning Armenia, my homeland. This leak is also interesting from the viewpoint of the both the sad outcome of the arms transfer and the language of threats the United States makes to force other countries to play by its rules. Wiki Leaks Research Project According to the United States Government, some weapons recovered from two Shia militant attacks on U.S. soldiers in Iraq in 2007 had been transferred from Armenia to Iran. A United States soldier was killed and six others were injured in that attack. The United States Government had concluded that those weapons were connected with Armenias facilitation of Iran's purchase of rockets and machine guns in 2003. The leaked cable includes a letter from John Negroponte, United States Deputy Secretary to Serzh Sargsyan and President of the Republic of Armenia. In the letter Negroponte expresses the concern of the United States Government over the alleged arms transfer and the possibility of imposing sanctions against Armenia if the latter fails to ensure prevention of future arms transfers to Iran. Interestingly, the United States Government had attached a long list of measures intended for preventing arms transfers to Iran. Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan is reported to have denied any involvement in the arms transfer to its southern neighbor. After the Wiki Leaks published the cables, Serzh Sargsyan announced that Armenia had never sold arms to Iran. In an interview to Russian Echo Moskvy Radio station, Sargsyan said that Armenia would not do it since there was an Armenian military detachment serving in Iraq. However, aided by its highly acclaimed intelligence, The United States had managed to track all the dealings of Armenia in the saga such that it had almost all the relevant documentation. They had managed to successfully identify where the RPG rockets were manufactured (Bulgaria) by Vazovski Mashinostroitelni Zavodi. Arsenal, also a Bulgarian arms factory, had manufactured the machine guns. The American intelligence had also concluded that the arms were taken to Iran soon after being transported to Armenia. This was facilitated by two arms companies from the two countries and it was also revealed that Zao Veber, the Armenian company in the deal, is owned by the Armenian government. Additionally, evidence showed that the Mahmoud Ahmadinejad government had paid for the arms. However, the payment was never trailed (Spiegel). Serzh Sargsyan, it was claimed, played a major role in facilitating the purchase of the weapons. Bulgaria had expressed its reluctance in selling the arms but he assured them that the weapons wont find a way out of Armenia in a self written letter. These softened the Bulgarians stance and hence were coerced in to the deal (Spiegel). The then U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, complained to the Armenian government about its action. She claimed that Iran, and its government, was promoting terrorist activities in The Middle East. Therefore, The United States threatened Armenia with sanctions if they engaged in such a deal with Iran again (Spiegel). Despite all these warnings, Serzh Sargsyan still remained adamant, maintaining innocence all along. Hence, The United States presented him with all the compelling evidence they had gathered. This time round, he had been cornered and he duly accepted responsibility for the whole saga. The United States then demanded that Armenia legislate some tougher export controls to prevent such deals from being done again (Spiegel). A meeting between Serzh Sargsyan and The US diplomats happened in early 2009. The Armenian government, clearly rattled by the whole saga, and fearing further diplomatic breakdown, was willing to address the fears raised by the Americans. On their part, The American administration wanted an amicable solution found. It promised to not impose, and waive, sanctions to Armenia if it was assured that they (Armenians) will continue to cooperate (Sanamyan, 2010). The Armenian president, Mr. Sargsyan, distanced himself, and his country, in any future arms dealings with Iran. He accepted to work on the requests and demands of The United States. The acceptance of responsibility in the sale, the willingness to cooperate and the promise to never engage in shady arms deal with Iran all seemed to have pleased America. They again started to warm up on Armenia, and Sargsyan (Sanamyan, 2010). Sargsyan, in his effort to improve the countries relation even further, pointed out the undeniable long standing cooperation between Armenia and The United States of America since the formers inception in 1991. This cooperation touched on matters such as security and non proliferation. Indeed, the then US president, George Bush, wrote a letter to thank Armenia, and its president, for their role in helping US troops in the fight against terrorism in Iraq. For three years, Armenian servicemen had been deployed in Iraq near the border with Iran as part of the US led coalition (Sanamyan, 2010). After such positive exchanges between the two governments, the seemingly irreparable relation was on the mend. The two governments were back to working together. As a result, the United States never introduced any sanctions it had threatened confirming the amicability of the resolution of the whole saga (Sanamyan, 2010). So far, weve looked in detail at the whole storm. But what are the implications of this saga on the ensuing relations between the two countries? Will the United States start to treat Armenia with suspicion? To find a clue, I will delve in to the relations between the two countries before, during and after the conflict calmed down. Armenia and The US became trade partners back in 1992, a year after Armenias inception. Since then, an estimated 70 US firms are in operation in Armenia, especially the computer-related ones such as Dell, IBM and operating systems giant Microsoft. Other US investments in Armenia are in the hotel business, home based products manufacturing like carpets and furniture and construction. Additionally, some US firms have their subsidiaries in Armenia. These include IT firms like Viasphere Technopark and Coca Cola. Other investments are in the beauty industry, textiles and mining (US Department of state). The United States claimed to have played a major role in the transition of Armenia from non-democracy to democracy. On top of this, it has granted Armenia humanitarian assistance in excess of $2 billion. The US diplomats and their Armenian counterparts meet on a yearly basis to review the two countries development progress. The US has also supported peaceful co existence between Armenia and its surrounding countries and also put measures to boost its economy such that its growth potential is realized. Armenias health sector has also benefitted greatly from this assistance. The US government agencies like USAID, the MCC have been on the forefront of this humanitarian and economic assistance. Another key sector of the Armenian economy, agriculture, has benefitted greatly from this bilateral relation. Specifically, The US has helped improve the rural infrastructure, irrigation programmes, technical support to farmers and commercialization of the agricultural sector (US Department of Sta te). The democratic development of Armenia has also been on the agenda of The United States. It has put up programs to help the Armenian government be more accountable and also more democrratic. The programs include legal based practices such as educating the public, prosecutors and lawyers on legal matters, enhancing the Judiciary, promoting human rights practices. It has also helped in the fight against corruption. The people of Armenia have also been educated to demand for government accountability. They have been urged in taking a leading role by participating fully in the political and democratic process. The US States has also fought government interference in the media industry. Additionally, it has promoted measures to make the Police force and the judicial system more transparent (US Department of State). Analyzing the accounts above of the relations between the two countries, it appears that the row brought about by WikiLeaks was not, and has not been, treated as such a big deal. Indeed the failure of The US to press on with the sanctions it had threatened supports this stance. This brings us to another dilemma. What are the consequences of these WikiLeaks reports to the affected nations? Do people find such revelations that serious? Should such extremely secret information be revealed to the public? Ill try to look these questions, with the case of Armenias sale of weapons to Iran my reference point. It is universally accepted that governments, and even people, keep some secrets for the good of the country. This is especially true when it comes to military operations and other security-related information (Sifry). Failure to do so can expose the country to its enemies or cause unnecessary tension. This is exactly what happened in the Armenian case. Though it proved inconsequential in the end, it was feared that there may be a total breakdown of communication between the two countries. In the stern letter released, economic sanctions were to be imposed to Armenia which would have had serious implications on its citizens. It would have been better if the matter had been left, and dealt with, secretly without causing a public outcry. With the advent of the internet, and especially WikiLeaks, information, however graphic and/or secret, now flows freely in to the public domain. This is because in any institution theres always someone willing to share the information in total disregard of its far reaching implications (Sifry). Such cases also bring mistrust among the employees of the affected institution. In this case, its claimed that a former soldier was responsible for the leak. The public was not overly concerned about the outcome of the whole saga. Rather, many wondered how such letters would be released to the public. Indeed, the initial reaction of the two governments was to deny the cables. Trust issues were raised at the time and even there were death threats. This leak, I suppose, may have played a major role in the end of the conflict since The US could not claim a high moral ground when it had in its midst citizens giving out vital information. Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, has received a lot of criticism, especially from The US. Their Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, claimed that through his website, he was in effect sabotaging international relations (Sifry). This cannot be further from the truth when you take the Armenian-US relations in to account after the leak. She would have preferred that it was kept a secret rather than involving the public at large. The leaks have raised serious concerns in international relations, not just US-Armenia. Conclusion Although WikiLeaks has received a lot of criticism from authorities and governments, and sections of the public, some people have come to embrace it as a vital tool in getting news that they would never have known. Apart from the Armenia-US saga, the website has published such information implicating Pakistans close working with Taliban, Saudi Arabias plea to America to bomb Iran, North Korea backing military authoritarian rule in Myanmar. Buy custom U.S. Embassy Cables essay

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Assignment - 2

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Assignment Example Hence, it must be used in terms of financial stress, and not as a suffering. Analogy is a comparison between two things or their features, focusing on a certain kind of likeness, when they are otherwise totally different. For example, â€Å"My daughter moves like a butterfly flies.† Here, a girl’s movement is being compared to that of a butterfly due to the beauty they exhibit. Analogy can be misunderstood when it is used in sensitive subjects, like religion or science. Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an â€Å"implied comparison† (Nordquist, 2012, par. 1) of two concepts; or, which explains one thing in terms of an unreal situation. For example, â€Å"I feel the breeze of love in your presence.† The metaphor is breeze of love, which is nothing in real. Again, a metaphor is misunderstood in sensitive subjects. For example, â€Å"The children of God† does not actually mean that God is a parent. Simile is a kind of analogy very similar to metaphor, with the difference that it uses words like ‘like’ or ‘as’ to show the similarity between two dissimilar things. For example, considering the example given in metaphor section, the simile would be: â€Å"Your presence is like a breeze of love for me.† A simile is very easily misunderstood with analogy or metaphor, due to the thin line of meaning between them. Clichà © is an expression that has been used very widely and very commonly, so much so that people start using it in their everyday language without going into the detail of meaning. For example, â€Å"History repeats itself†, or â€Å"All is well that ends well.† Clichà © is often misunderstood with proverbs, as some proverbs are actually clichà ©s. Amphiboly is a sentence that gives out a confused meaning due to its loose structure. The sentence can be justified in either way it is understood. For example, â€Å"I caught her with my new shirt on†, means â€Å"I caught her when she was wearing my new shirt†, and also

Discussion Forum Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Forum - Coursework Example The contemporary curriculum provides a greater range of subjects; moreover, students of both sexes are given the same chances. Integrated Co-Teaching – ICT teaching has been introduced and is now considered to be an important part of daily life with a huge influence on future job prospects (PeÃŒ rez, 2013). In the past years, a teacher’s equipment entailed a chalk, a blackboard, and their subject knowledge. The students’ equipment usually consisted of a pencil/pen and paper/workbook (Arai, 2007). A current education system offers a variety of equipment that is largely influenced by technology. Items like whiteboard, projectors, tablets, and computers are commonplace and have expanded learning opportunities for students with different abilities. Many learning and teaching strategies incorporated in education system enhances learning to students with different capabilities (PeÃŒ rez, 2013). Online learning is also a major change in the education system that has evolved with technology. Elite schools and community colleges alike are currently offering online options, and these programs can be particularly attractive to mature students who have families and jobs. The students can access materials and do exams while far away from the learning institution. This has enhanced the efficiency as well as the effectiveness of learning (Conrad, 2005). Modern education system reveals more effectual teaching practices, better responsiveness to student needs, as well as adaptation to a fast-changing society that prepares students to utilize technology together with information as consumers, workers, and citizens is

Difficult time for the catholic church in USA Essay

Difficult time for the catholic church in USA - Essay Example A number of analysts have pointed out that the reason why the church is losing followers is because it has remained faithful to the Biblical concept of secular life which has seen it go against the new social norms in the contemporary society. Contemporary issues such as homosexuality, contraception, divorce, single parenthood and abortion have seen the church lose many followers. Others feel that the church has failed to adopt relevant religious strategies of preaching to satisfy the contemporary society. The teachings of the church must meet the social demands of the people in the society today. In fact, the reason why the Catholic church continues to lose its followers is because it has failed to adjust its teaching to suit the emerging demands of society. It is an indisputable fact that the Catholic Church has been hit by a follower crisis in the 21st century losing most of its members and priest. According to the Week (2010, Para. 1), a US magazine, a National Catholic Reporter termed the Catholics loss of members as the â€Å"largest national crisis in centuries.† The US Catholic National reporter presented a statistical countdown of the loss that US alone has experienced since the year 1960. In a 2009 study, the church lost 400 thousand followers, 9 thousand priest and over 1000 parishes closed in 2008. Resultantly, over 3,400 churches are served by visiting priests as the population of priest decline to an insufficient figure. Currently, the catholic population adds up to the 1.1 billion which is much lower than the Muslim population which is now at 1.5 billion. On the other hand, the population of the protestant churches is growing as more people consider the protestant believe as more concrete and satisfactory than the catholic believe. This kind of population decline of Catholic followers has sent signals to the catholic leaders, among them the Pope, to rethink on the reason why the church is in a state of crisis. The reason why the Catholic C hurch continues to lose its followers seems to be a mystery that is yet to be unveiled. In a recent speech about the â€Å"exodus† from the Catholic Church, Pope Francis termed this trend as the â€Å"the mystery of those who leave the church† to express the worry of the church on the current crisis (Pullella, 2013, Para. 4). In his speech, he recognized the need for the church to walk with the people and to address the social problems that the people are experiencing in the contemporary society. One reason he identified as a cause of the exodus is because the people feel that the church has remained rigid in implementing its own formulas (Para. 5). In a world that is changing, rigidity is the only thing that a church that addresses the problems of the people can afford. Pope Francis recognized that the church has to address the secular issues that are threatening the survival of the church to maintain the loyalty of the people. The implication of the statement of the Pope is that to a great extent the church has failed to conform to the societal needs, hence losing its followers to secularism. The emergence of controversial social issues has seen the Catholic Church lose more of its members. One of the social issues that have generated a lot of heat in the social spheres is same sex marriages that many people today see as a necessary right. Kissling (2013, Pp. 5-6) points out that the Catholic Chur