Difficult time for the catholic church in USA Essay

Difficult time for the catholic church in USA - Essay Example A number of analysts have pointed out that the reason why the church is losing followers is because it has remained faithful to the Biblical concept of secular life which has seen it go against the new social norms in the contemporary society. Contemporary issues such as homosexuality, contraception, divorce, single parenthood and abortion have seen the church lose many followers. Others feel that the church has failed to adopt relevant religious strategies of preaching to satisfy the contemporary society. The teachings of the church must meet the social demands of the people in the society today. In fact, the reason why the Catholic church continues to lose its followers is because it has failed to adjust its teaching to suit the emerging demands of society. It is an indisputable fact that the Catholic Church has been hit by a follower crisis in the 21st century losing most of its members and priest. According to the Week (2010, Para. 1), a US magazine, a National Catholic Reporter termed the Catholics loss of members as the â€Å"largest national crisis in centuries.† The US Catholic National reporter presented a statistical countdown of the loss that US alone has experienced since the year 1960. In a 2009 study, the church lost 400 thousand followers, 9 thousand priest and over 1000 parishes closed in 2008. Resultantly, over 3,400 churches are served by visiting priests as the population of priest decline to an insufficient figure. Currently, the catholic population adds up to the 1.1 billion which is much lower than the Muslim population which is now at 1.5 billion. On the other hand, the population of the protestant churches is growing as more people consider the protestant believe as more concrete and satisfactory than the catholic believe. This kind of population decline of Catholic followers has sent signals to the catholic leaders, among them the Pope, to rethink on the reason why the church is in a state of crisis. The reason why the Catholic C hurch continues to lose its followers seems to be a mystery that is yet to be unveiled. In a recent speech about the â€Å"exodus† from the Catholic Church, Pope Francis termed this trend as the â€Å"the mystery of those who leave the church† to express the worry of the church on the current crisis (Pullella, 2013, Para. 4). In his speech, he recognized the need for the church to walk with the people and to address the social problems that the people are experiencing in the contemporary society. One reason he identified as a cause of the exodus is because the people feel that the church has remained rigid in implementing its own formulas (Para. 5). In a world that is changing, rigidity is the only thing that a church that addresses the problems of the people can afford. Pope Francis recognized that the church has to address the secular issues that are threatening the survival of the church to maintain the loyalty of the people. The implication of the statement of the Pope is that to a great extent the church has failed to conform to the societal needs, hence losing its followers to secularism. The emergence of controversial social issues has seen the Catholic Church lose more of its members. One of the social issues that have generated a lot of heat in the social spheres is same sex marriages that many people today see as a necessary right. Kissling (2013, Pp. 5-6) points out that the Catholic Chur

Barrier is something Essay Example for Free

Barrier is something Essay Unit 18 What is barrier? A barrier is something that gets into the way or stops another thing from happening. As we all know, communication is an extreme complex progress. And if one person finds it hard to understand subject or to write or even speak effectively about it, that person cannot be sure that his/her meaning has been received exactly. This loss of meaning which may block communication is often called Barrier. There are 3 main ways in which communication can be blocked: 1. If a person cannot see, hear, or receive the message 2. If a person cannot make sense of the message 3. If a person misunderstands the messages 1. Person cannot see, hear, or receive the message. Visual disability Hearing disability Environmental problems –(noise) Speaking from too far 2. Person cannot make sense of the message. Different language are being used, including sign language People using different terms, such as slang internet or text jargon One of the speakers has physical or intellect disability, such as memory loss or learning Dysfunction. 3. Person misunderstands the message. Cultural difference: different cultures interpret non-verbal and verbal and humour, in different ways Assumptions about people: assumptions about race, gender, disabilities etc. can lead to stereotyping and misunderstanding Emotional Difference, very angry or very happy people may misinterpret what is said think about sarcasm Social contest: conversation and non-verbal messages understood by close friend may not be understand by strangers. Physical barriers A physical barrier to communication Is something in the surrounding that stops the person from communicating with other. For example if the place where the conversation is held may be noisy. Impairmentsvc Some people will haveimpairments that can stop them from communication for example if they are unable to see,hear,or talk. Emotional factors Emotional factor can affect the way we communicate with others for example, lack of support /lack of trust, afraid,feeling happy,feeling sad,low self-estee/ or over/under confident. Different language Some people may not speak the same language as you and therefore you may have difficulty understanding each other Jargon Jargon is when people use technical words. The use of jargon can be confusing for other to understand.

Low Cost Model For Long Haul Airlines

Low Cost Model For Long Haul Airlines As most industries reach a stage of maturation, the changing nature of the airline industry is evolving to integrate novel strategies and business models needed to comply with consumer needs. The low-cost airline sector is a model that generated large financial gains but saturation is observed, leading companies to discover new opportunities in the long-haul low-cost market. The article explains the principles behind the idea, justifying the failure of previous attempts and proposing a novel business model that can be adjusted to todays economy. 1. Introduction The airline industry is characterized by instability and unpredictability making it one of the most risky to invest in, succeeded only by the hospitality industry. Due to significant exposure to external factors, the airlines are subject to financial losses and damages, with the most recent being the terrorist attack on the US on September 11th in 2001. The global airline industry suffered greatly and any financial stability plummeted reports show losses of $10 billion only by US airlines in 2002 (Wensveen et al., 2007) In order to adapt with the continuously changing environment, airlines employed a cost-reduction policy by reducing capacity, in-flight amenities and management expenditure. The effectiveness of this method urged many companies to reconstruct their strategy to comply with consumer demand and lifestyle (Taneja, 2005). As a result, passengers were starting to prefer the more cost-effective approach of Low-cost carriers (LCCs) than conventional methods. A form of low-cost travelling had already emerged in the 1970s by Southwest Airlines, who kept low-unit costs by reducing aircraft turn-around time at the gate which inspired current companies follow its business strategy (Bamber, 2009). Today modern development of the strategy lead to a low-cost revolution with LCCs controlling 30 and 40% of the market capacity in the US and UK respectively since 2005 (Taneja, 2005). Due to the success of the model and the inevitable future saturation of the short-haul LCCs, companies focused their interest in converting the same business model for long-haul flights and turning it into a profitable business plan. However the concept of a low-cost long-haul airline is not new but previous attempts have not been successful. The earliest example is Freddie Lakers Skytrain which offered no frills transatlantic flights from London Gatwick to New York with single class tickets costing only  £59 one-way. The competitive pricing from established airlines that ensured after the relaxation of transatlantic market fare regulations, lead to debt accumulation of  £270 million and the company ultimately failed in 1982 (Calder, 2006). This review will examine the issues raised by the entrance of low-cost airlines to the long-haul route market and assess the factors that lead that prevented growth and establishment of such companies. By assessing how the elements of low-cost travelling are transferable to long-haul operations and the sustainability of such projects, solutions to building a successful business model could be found. 2. Other LCCs and proposals Shortly after the demise of Lakers venture, a US based low cost airline named People Express commenced flights from New York to London Gatwick in 1983 and later added Brussels. By providing connecting flights at its Newark hub and charging $3 for checked baggage, the company proceeded to expand from a successful low-cost carrier to offering economical long-haul flights. However, due to over-expansion and management problems the company was terminated in 1987. Recent attempts to adopt the Skytrain model of low-budget travelling include Oasis and Zoom Airlines. Oasis, based in Hong Kong, offered non-stop service between Hong Kong and London Gatwick in 2007, generating huge success due to the low cost of  £75 for one-way flights. Due to growing competition by leading airlines which landed in the more centrally located Heathrow and rapid accumulation of losses due to the unsustainable fares, the company failed just after 18 months. On the other hand, Zoom Airlines which operated between Toronto and several UK airports since 2006, had a longer lifespan but was forced to shut down after outstanding debts and bankruptcy were reported. A variety of ideas and proposals for long-haul travelling were suggested but were unable to raise the necessary finance. One of the most controversial cases is Civair, which was scheduled to start up a low cost flight between Cape Town and London Stansted in March 2004. However in December of that year, 7,400 passengers were left stranded when the company did not have an aircraft for the flight and no alternatives could be funded leading to closure. 2.1 Long-haul vs. short-haul flying Low-cost carriers have inherent differences in various factors when distinguishing between short-haul and long-haul flights. These include crew and security requirements, turn-around times, airport facilities, route authorities and route density. The competitive advantage acquired in short-haul LCCS cannot be transferred to long-haul, low-cost carriers because the only means of being profitable is optimizing aircraft capacity. Theories that could possibly create revenue by using the low-cost, long-haul model fall in two categories: either using a long haul airbus, charging higher baggage fees, buy-in food and beverages and fly to secondary airports or acquiring many cheap long-haul aircrafts with two-class service and secondary airport bases which will conduct multiple flights per week(Wensveen and Leick, 2009). The former theory would only be viable in practice if high volume city pairs could fill all the seats in the aircraft while the latter relies solely on getting cheap aircraft . However before developing hypotheses and specifications, attention should be given on the business side of airline operation. Judging from previous attempts, despite the original promising profits, most companies failed due to improper business planning. 3. Airline business planning and airline failure Every attempt of an airline entering the low-cost, long-haul flight market lead in failure, despite all the positive indications in the beginning. While there are hundreds of reasons leading in an airline failure, several common errors in business planning are shared between all of the cases. 3.1. Inability to maintain competitive advantage A company should be able to establish a sustainable, competitive advantage by analyzing and targeting the correct market while having the ability to compete with other carriers in the long-term. In the case of Skytrain, where Laker Airways entered the market of LCLH market without any competitors, it generated significant gains which were quickly diminished after the introduction of other airlines in the market. Uniqueness of an airlines business concept is important as it sets it apart from the competition otherwise will fail to raise necessary funds. 3.2. Inadequate income growth and profitability In most cases, many airlines business often dont demonstrate income growth and profitability. By displaying unrealistic financial projections in order to sell the business concept, the airline will fail. Bottom line growth is vital for the financial establishment of a company and that growth should be based on valid financial assumptions which can be backed up by quality measurements. 3.3 Incompetent leadership While the importance of a capable management team is underestimated, its one of the most imperative factors I gaining the interest of potential investors, as its believed that an average idea can be made profitable by the correct mindset. In most airlines the management team is overlooked in the business plan and this discourages investors from investing money. On the contrary, a good team is able to highlight any risks involved in the strategic objectives of the company and create a business plan that will ensure growth. A prime example is the introduction of Gordon Bethune as a new Chief Executive Officer of Continental Airlines the company had already filed for bankruptcy but Mr. Bethunes actions reinstated the fading airline into the most thriving carriers(Bethune et al., 1998). 3.4 Limited initial funding Most airlines require large funding throughout their development which cannot be obtained easily and combined with poor business plans lead to untimely failing. Airlines such as Oasis and Zoom were closed due to inadequate funding while competition by other companies was rising (Bradsher, 2008) . Correct estimations of the funding required and also taking into account the money lost during setup and initial operations, will lure investors for money investment as the potential for profitability will be significantly displayed. 3.5. Overexpansion and lacking flexibility Airlines often tend to expand their destination and aircraft base, with the impression that it will increase income revenue. In most of the cases, it was the limiting-step towards failure. Moderate growth and balanced route frequency can prevent overexpansion and sustain optimal gains. Additionally, the ability to compromise and adjust to the changing economical and social environment can subsequently increase the popularity of an airline among passengers. Continuous operation will lead to dependence on financial support from loans or subsidies and eventually bankruptcy. 4. Can the long-haul, low-cost model work? Studies have examined the possibility of the low-cost model integrating in long-haul flight business and clear advantages and disadvantages have been noted. At first, due to the absence of direct substitute for long-haul flights as well as the already competitive prices, there isnt adequate evidences that lower fares can increase demand in the same manner as in short-haul flights. Moreover, secondary airports cannot be used for the landing of large-aircrafts due to size and time limitations and also cost-effectiveness (Maertens, 2010). However, a cost advantage of 20 to 25% is possible if a carrier can offer online booking to reduce distribution costs and only point-to-point services where connective flights to the desired destination can be arranged by the individual passenger. Today, companies such as AirAsia X and Jet Star have managed to find a balance between price and service in order to provide low-cost flight opportunities. 4.1 Jetstar The Australian airline has managed to become one of the most successful start-ups in the recent years. While being a fully owned subsidiary of a legacy carrier, Quantas, is managed and operated separately. After commencing flights in the domestic Australian market in 2004, Jetstar operated its first international flight to from Melbourne to Singapore on December 2010, marking a new era for economical long-haul flights. Their low fares are based on the notion of offering point-to-point routes between Australia, Asia and the Pacific, in order to complement Quantas main international flight schedule. The company also offers choice between two ticket types, economy and premium economy, which various in-flight meals and snacks can be purchased or complimentary, respectively. 4.2 AirAsia X The Malaysian AirAsia which was the pioneer of low-cost carrier operations across Asia introduced the long-haul service AirAsia X in 2007 to provide more options and greater affordability to a wider marketing spectrum. Based in Kuala Lumpur, the worlds biggest low-cost hub, it has covered many destinations in Australia, Europe and Asia. A key principle in order to keep costs low is high frequency of flights and providing point-to-point medium or long haul services. As a true no-frills service it includes lots of seats and passengers purchasing in-flight meals and entertainment. It also offers a premium class which is similar to economy fare of legacy carriers while in June 2010, a US$10 million refurbishment was introduced introducing flat beds in the premium area with a small rise in the ticket fare (Anonymous, 2010). 5. Building an efficient low-cost long haul airline By evaluating the facts and figures of the previously mentioned airlines, Jetstar and AirAsia X, its evident that that reasonably priced long-haul travel can become a reality by utilizing specific cost-effective methods and business strategies. While this increase in long-haul travelling maybe attributed to the expanding economy in Asia (Hooper, 2005) and the rapidly increasing competition among emerging low-cost airlines in the continent, it has been shown that intercontinental travel as demonstrated by AirAsia can be profitable while maintaining low fares. These techniques can also be employed for any up-and-coming LCLH airline in Europe or US, to ensure their development. 5.1. Ensure faster turnaround of aircraft Short-hauls are considered to have more cost-advantage than long-hauls due to landing at secondary and less congested airports which allows higher crew and aircraft utilisation. Long-haul flights usually require more time refuelling and servicing, therefore less rotations can be performed compared to short-hauls. However, by landing at a specifically designated low-cost hub, such as Kuala Lumpur, can minimize refuelling times and costs of servicing while providing adequate support for larger aircrafts. 5.2. No frills services All-economy seating and in-flight food and beverage which can be purchased can aid in the revenue of sales while pre-booked in-flight entertainment such as hand-held devices could be useful in long-haul flights. 5.3. Point-to-point travelling only This method employed in short-haul flights ensures short turnaround times and prevention of time-consuming services which would affect timetables. Modern long-haul airlines could seek interline partners to expand their flight capabilities, similar to the co-operation of the Australian company Jetstar with its partner company Quantas (Jetstar, 2007). 5.4 High density cabins and lower input prices Gains from the long-haul flights will be possible if high seat densities exist which could make up for the low ticket fare, as more passengers equal to increased revenue. Also by importing dual-seating system with premium seats which can be charged at higher prices and have extra amenities, a market for passengers requiring conditions similar to business flights can be created resulting in more profit. New entries in the airline industry are benefited from very low unit aircraft prices in large orders as well as hiring younger and cheaper pilots. Moreover, costs of advertisings and website/call centres can be avoided to cut down expenses, since the low price is a sufficient reason for passengers to choose those companies. 6. Novel business models Because of the limited solutions and benefits on directly developing a low-cost, long-haul airline, new business models have been developed for potential exploitation into a low-cost model. 6.1. Network specialists These companies cater mainly to business passengers and are specifically operated as a corporate shuttle for routes with high-yield. A prime example is PrivatAir, a Geneva-based airline which has survived through contracts with major corporations to transport their employees between locations (Wensveen and Leick, 2009). It offers business class seating on trans-Atlantic flights using several Airbus and Boeing planes. It can also operate as an operator for existing airlines such as Lufthansa and KLM which utilize the company for their business class services in Germany. 6.2. Product specialists Airlines which focus on business and affluent leisure travel and are all-business class, all first class or both. These types of airlines are on par with legacy airline yields and offer premium cabins for long-haul flights. Companies in this market include Eos Airlines, MAXjet Airways, Silverjet and LAvion. While the first three carriers had gone bankrupt, LAvion which seemed promising and was recently acquired by British Airways did not make any profit as well (Lagrorce, 2008). Eos and Maxjet airways both operated between London Stansted and New York JFK using Boeing 757-200 while Silverjet operated between London Luton and Newark as well as Dubai. All three airlines ceased operations in 2008. LAvion operated between Paris Orly and Newark and is currently a subsidiary of British Airways OpenSkies unit. While the original offer of low fares and premium facilities seemed promising, all four companies filed for bankruptcy, citing rising fuel and oil prizes, limited funding resources an d newly formed competition on the specific routes by legacy carriers. While this business problem does not seem to be problematic, adjustments should be made in order to give motives to increase passenger preference. 6.3. Price specialists These airlines mainly adopt lower-costing strategies to compete with existing companies solely on price. This includes the low-cost, long haul flight plan which has been employed by various airlines such as Oasis Hong Kong, Zoom, Jetstar, Viva Macau and AirAsia X. In order to compete with legacy companies, larger aircrafts with high-seating configuration should be used to make profit. With the exception of Oasis and Zoom, which were bankrupt, the rest of the companies flourished with expanding their flight schedule beyond Asia and Australia. The problems leading to failure in the two named companies mainly involve insufficient business planning as discussed in a previous section. However long-term effects of the plan remain to be seen as sustaining low prices can be proven difficult with the current economy. 6.4. Long-haul charter carriers While unit costs for charter carriers is 10-20% more expensive than LCCs (Teckentrup, 2007), their increasing use for long-haul travelling made them an attractive alternative to network airlines, usually for summer destinations. Many European charter companies now target specifically long-haul destinations, such as Corsair which operates an all-economy Boeing 747-400 between Paris and Overseas French territories in the Caribbean; such high density planes are not used on other long-haul international travel by the company. Due to competition and projects bearing no success such as Britannia Airways, which discontinued flights from UK to Australia, charter airline long-haul flights have been restricted to limited time frames and leisure destinations. However, charter flights represent a large percentage of long-haul market and could potentially be exploited beneficially. 7. Sustainability of the low-cost model and future projects As the long-haul market becomes successfully grown and becomes profitable for major carriers again, it is likely that other carriers will be interested to obtain a share of the market. Due to the over-saturation of the low-cost short-haul airline industry in Europe, established LCCs such as Easyjet may utilize point-to-point flights by co-operating with long-haul flight companies to lower prices for distant travelling. Employing new aircraft types such as Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 can fly longer distances offer denser seating that would be possible to fit 800 seats flying between main hubs such as London-New York. Deregulation can also create a potential increase in new services, as many markets are limited to one or two national carriers. As this breaks down, the introduction of new entrants, such as Virgin Atlantic in the India-UK and India-USA markets can spur new competition and lower prices in international travel (Phadnis, 2012). For now, the low-cost, long-haul market appears to be decreasing as one of the pioneers of this sector AirAsia X pulled its European services citing the damaged economy of European countries and exorbitant government taxes affecting its ability to offer low-cost fares (Thomas, 2012). Even Ryanair, which declared that will commence transatlantic flights in 2007, has recently confirmed that long-haul flights are not happening for some years (Olorenshaw and Sturke, 2007). 8. Conclusions The substantial success of certain LCCs has certainly led to the perception of an attractive business model and its implementation is being utilised by various long-haul operators. Established LCCs are reluctant to join the long-haul market due to the dangers present but that is rapidly changing. Experience and expertise gained by short-haul markets can be transcribed successfully in the long-haul operating scheme, which will greatly compensate to the losses that will occur as the markets become saturated with myriads of low-cost carriers. On the other had, traditional airlines are equipped with an array of qualities such as established clientele, reducing economy seat fares to attract new passenger and experience in international flights puts the beginner low-cost carrier in a disadvantageous position. By employing a long haul point-to-point model to promote cross-selling and service integration with more established, traditional companies allow passengers to fly from smaller markets in other regions via LCCs. As with any new business model, achieving cost advantages is not enough to deem it successful. Theres a long history of competitors which offered subsidised low fares to combat new entrants in the long-haul market, leading them to financial difficulties and bankruptcy. Continuous innovation is needed in the evolving air transport market and adjusting to emerging carrier types could be beneficial. Combining a solid business plan which is flexible, manageable and competitive with a long term vision will guarantee a successful transition to the long-haul business.

Hester Prynne :: essays research papers

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne lives in seclusion with her daughter Pearl. Hester has been shunned from Puritan society and now lives in the shelter of the wilderness. The clear contrast between Puritan society and life in the wilderness intensify the all too similar fight between light and darkness and ultimately can lead to the truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Puritan society, ruled by a set of strict rules, is essentially in the dark and can not itself see the light. Many of the leaders of Boston are themselves breaking the rigid Puritanical laws. Governor Bellingham lives in a mansion whose â€Å" brilliancy might have befitted Aladdin’s palace, rather then the mansion of a grave old Puritan ruler.† (pg. 98) Bellingham’s extravagant house shows the hypocrisy of the Puritans. They seek to punish those, like Hester, who break the laws of Puritan society but at the same time they too violate their own laws. The Puritans can not see the faults within themselves. Puritan society is seen as a place where â€Å"iniquity is searched out, and punished in the sight of rulers and people.† (pg. 58) The Puritans pride themselves on the uniform goodness of their town and their ways of dealing with sinful dissenters. Hester’s public appearance is seen as a blessing on the â€Å"righteous Colony of Massachusetts.† (pg. 50) The Puritans see their society as picturesque and proper. To them it is in essence the light shining bright in the darkness. An accurate comparison to this view would be the Garden of Eden of Adam and Eve. The Puritans see themselves as the perfect humans within the garden. Those people who, like Adam and Eve, become sinful â€Å"must be scourged out of the town† and then â€Å"driven with stripes into the shadows of the forest.† (pg. 46) Citizens not fit to live in the â€Å"paradise† of Boston were cast out into the shadow of the forest. Yet it is in the forest that Hester is actually in the light and can see for herself, the truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living in the wilderness, Hester Prynne is able to see the light of truth, as none in Puritan society can. The Puritans have punished Hester for her sin and she is now free to go where she pleases, yet she decides to stay in Boston. The woods are a haven for Hester and yet they are also a showcase for her sin.

Dessler Chapter Essay

1) Which Amendment to the U. S. Constitution states that â€Å"no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law†? A) First Amendment B) Fifth Amendment C) Tenth Amendment D) Thirteenth Amendment E) Fourteenth Amendment Answer: B Explanation: The Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution (ratified in 1791) states that â€Å"no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law. † The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) outlawed slavery, and courts have held that it bars racial discrimination. Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 2) The ________ Amendment to the U. S. Constitution outlawed slavery, and courts have held that it bars racial discrimination. A) First B) Fifth C) Tenth D) Thirteenth E) Fourteenth Answer: D Explanation: The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) outlawed slavery, and courts have held that it bars racial discrimination. The Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution (ratified in 1791) states that â€Å"no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law. † Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 3) The 13th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution addresses the subject of ________. A) due process B) slavery C) private property D) trial by jury E) women’s rights Answer: B Explanation: The 13th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution abolished slavery and courts have held that it bars racial discrimination. The 5th Amendment addresses due process, and the 6th Amendment requires a trial by jury. Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 4) The ________ gives all persons the same right to make and enforce contracts and to benefit from the laws of the land. A) Fifth Amendment B) Civil Rights Act of 1866 C) Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act D) Civil Rights Act of 1991 E) Thirteenth Amendment Answer: B Explanation: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 gives all persons the same right to make and enforce contracts and to benefit from U. S. laws. The Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution (ratified in 1791) states that â€Å"no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of the law. † The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) outlawed slavery, and courts have held that it bars racial discrimination. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act states that employers cannot discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 5) Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act explicitly prohibits employers from discrimination based on all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ________. A) race B) religion C) color D) sexual orientation E) national origin Answer: D Explanation: Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act states that an employer cannot discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Title VII bars discrimination on the part of most employers both public and private with 15 or more employees. Sexual orientation is not directly addressed under the law. Diff: 1Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 6) According to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which of the following employers would be legally allowed to refuse employment to an individual based on race, religion, or sex? A) a state agency with 65 employees B) a medical office with 25 employees C) a local restaurant with 10 employees D) a department store with 100 employees E) a public school with 30 employees Answer: C Explanation: Title VII bars discrimination on the part of most employers, including all public or private employers of 15 or more persons. It also covers all private and public educational institutions, the federal government, and state and local governments. A business with fewer than 15 employees would legally be allowed to refuse employment based on race, religion, sex, or national origin. Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Application 7) Which legislation was responsible for the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission? A) 13th Amendment B) Equal Pay Act of 1963 C) Civil Rights Act of 1866 D) Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 E) Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act Answer: E Explanation: Title VII established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to administer and enforce the Civil Rights law at work. The commission itself consists of five members appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 established the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs. Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 8) The EEOC was initially established to investigate complaints about ________. A) job discrimination B) unfair business practices C) sexual harassment in schools D) structural accommodations for disabled people E) overtime payments for labor union members Answer: A Explanation: Title VII established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to administer and enforce the Civil Rights law at work. The EEOC receives and investigates job discrimination complaints from aggrieved individuals. Diff: 2Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 9) How many members serve on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission? A) 3 B) 5 C) 9 D) 10 E) 12 Answer: B Explanation: The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) consists of five members appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. Each member serves a 5-year term. Diff: 1Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 10) Which of the following appoints the members of the EEOC? A) U. S. Congress B) U. S. Supreme Court C) President of the United States D) Department of Justice E) American voters Answer: C Explanation: The EEOC consists of five members appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. Each member serves a 5-year term. Diff: 1Page Ref: 32 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 11) Which of the following requires equal pay for equal work regardless of sex? A) Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act B) Equal Pay Act of 1963 C) Executive Order 11246 D) Pay Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 E) Civil Rights Act of 1991 Answer: B Explanation: Under the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (amended in 1972), it is unlawful to discriminate in pay on the basis of sex when jobs involve equal work; require equivalent skills, effort, and responsibility; and are performed under similar working conditions. Diff: 1Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 12) When companies utilize ________, they take steps to eliminate the present effects of past discrimination. A) affirmative action B) executive orders C) rehabilitation action D) civil rights guidelines E) equal pay rules Answer: A Explanation: Affirmative action refers to steps that are taken for the purpose of eliminating the present effects of past discrimination. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 requires employers to pay equal pay for equal work, and the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires employers with federal contracts of more than $2,500 to take affirmative action in employing disabled persons. Diff: 1Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 13) Which of the following is responsible for implementing Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 that were issued by the Johnson administration? A) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission B) Pension Benefits Guarantee Corporation C) Occupational Safety and Health Administration D) National Labor Relations Board E) Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Answer: E Explanation: The Johnson administration (1963–1969) issued Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 which didn’t just ban discrimination but also required that government contractors with contracts of over $50,000 and 50 or more employees take affirmative action to ensure employment opportunity for those who may have suffered past discrimination. These orders also established the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) to implement the orders and ensure compliance. Diff: 1Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 14) Which of the following factors is NOT an acceptable basis for different pay for equal work under the Equal Pay Act of 1963? A) merit B) seniority C) gender D) production quality E) production quantity Answer: C Explanation: Under the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (amended in 1972), it is unlawful to discriminate in pay on the basis of sex when jobs involve equal work; require equivalent skills, effort, and responsibility; and are performed under similar working conditions. Pay differences derived from seniority systems, merit systems, and systems that measure earnings by production quantity or quality or from any factor other than sex do not violate the act. Diff: 2Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 15) Paul is a 49-year-old American of Anglo-Saxon descent. What legislation is most likely intended to protect Paul from discrimination? A) Executive Order 11375 B) Equal Pay Act of 1963 C) Executive Order 11246 D) Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 E) Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution Answer: D Explanation: The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) made it unlawful to discriminate against employees or applicants who are between 40 and 65 years of age. Executive Orders 11246 and 11375 require government contractors to take affirmative action, the 13th Amendment barred slavery, and the Equal Pay Act made it unlawful to discriminate in pay based on the employee’s gender. Diff: 2Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Application 16) According to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, it is unlawful to ________. A) sue an employer for age-based pay B) fire older employees for insubordination C) require employees to retire at age 65 D) allow juries to determine age discrimination E) institute a minimum age for employees Answer: C Explanation: The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) made it unlawful to discriminate against employees or applicants who are between 40 and 65 years of age. Subsequent amendments eliminated the age cap, effectively ending most mandatory retirement at age 65. The ADEA allows jury trials. Diff: 2Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 17) The ________ requires certain federal contractors to take affirmative action for disabled persons. A) Equal Pay Act B) Vocational Rehabilitation Act C) Age Discrimination in Employment Act D) Americans with Disabilities Act E) Civil Rights Act Answer: B Explanation: The Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires employers with federal contracts of more than $2,500 to take affirmative action in employing disabled persons. It does not require hiring unqualified people. It does require an employer to take steps to accommodate a disabled worker unless doing so imposes an undue hardship on the employer, which is addressed by the ADA. Diff: 1Page Ref: 33 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 18) Which of the following refers to highly recommended procedures issued by federal agencies regarding employee selection, record keeping, and preemployment inquiries? A) job specifications B) employment metrics C) process charts D) uniform guidelines E) applicant tracking systems Answer: D Explanation: Uniform guidelines are issued by federal agencies charged with ensuring compliance with equal employment federal legislation explaining recommended employer procedures in detail. They set forth â€Å"highly recommended† procedures regarding things like employee selection, record keeping, and preemployment inquiries. Diff: 1Page Ref: 34 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 19) Which of the following does NOT participate in the issuance of uniform guidelines? A) EEOC B) Department of Labor C) Better Business Bureau D) Department of Justice E) Civil Service Commission Answer: C Explanation: The EEOC, Civil Service Commission, Department of Labor, and Department of Justice together issued uniform guidelines. These set forth â€Å"highly recommended† procedures regarding things like employee selection, record keeping, and preemployment inquiries. The Better Business Bureau is not involved in issuing uniform guidelines. Diff: 1Page Ref: 34 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 20) Uniform guidelines from the EEOC are recommended for employers to use in matters regarding all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) employee selection B) record keeping C) preemployment inquiries D) sexual harassment E) psychological testing Answer: E Explanation: The EEOC, Civil Service Commission, Department of Labor, and Department of Justice together issue uniform guidelines. These set forth â€Å"highly recommended† procedures regarding things like employee selection, record keeping, sexual harassment, and preemployment inquiries. The American Psychological Association has its own non-legally binding Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Diff: 2Page Ref: 34 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 21) Which Supreme Court case was used to define unfair discrimination in conjunction with EEO laws? A) Buckley v. Valeo B) Brown v. Board of Education C) Griggs v. Duke Power Company D) West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish E) Abington School District v. Schempp Answer: C Explanation: Griggs v. Duke Power Company was a landmark Supreme Court case used to define unfair discrimination as put forth in EEO laws such as Title VII. The Court ruled that employment practices must be job related and that discrimination does not have to be overt to be illegal. Brown v. Board of Education held that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Choices A, D, and E were not cases related to EEO laws. Diff: 2Page Ref: 34 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 22) In Griggs v. Duke Power Company, Griggs sued the power company because it required coal handlers to be high school graduates. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Griggs because ________. A) high school diplomas were not related to success as a coal handler B) Duke Power Company intentionally discriminated based on race C) no business necessity existed for Duke Power Company D) Title VII forbids job testing E) Griggs held a GED Answer: A Explanation: The Court ruled in favor of Griggs because having a high school diploma was not relevant to the job of coal handler. The Court held that an employment practice must be job related if it has an unequal impact on members of a protected class. Diff: 2Page Ref: 34 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 23) If a person is in a protected class, he or she is protected by which of the following? A) Department of Labor guidelines B) Sarbanes-Oxley Act C) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act D) Consumer Protection Act E) National Labor Relations Board Answer: C Explanation: The term protected class refers to persons such as minorities and women who are protected by equal opportunity laws, including Title VII. Choices A, B, D, and E are not equal opportunity laws. Diff: 1Page Ref: 34 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 24) All of the following are principles established by Griggs v. Duke Power Company EXCEPT ________. A) burden of proof is on the employer B) performance standards should be unambiguous C) business necessity is a defense for an existing program D) employment selection practices must be job related E) discrimination does not have to be overt to be illegal Answer: B Explanation: The Court ruled in Griggs v. Duke Power Company that the burden of proof is on the employer to show that a hiring practice such as testing is job related. The Court also ruled that business necessity is the defense for any existing program that has adverse impact and that discrimination does not have to be overt to be illegal. The case did not address performance standards. Diff: 3Page Ref: 34-35 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 25) Under the principles established by Griggs v. Duke Power Company, ________ can be used as a defense for any existing program that has adverse impact. A) occupational qualification B) business necessity C) affirmative action D) burden of proof E) fair in form Answer: B Explanation: Business necessity is the defense for any existing program that has adverse impact according to Griggs. The court did not define business necessity. Diff: 2Page Ref: 35 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 26) Which court case provided details regarding how employers could validate the relationship between screening tools and job performance? A) West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish B) Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody C) Griggs v. Duke Power Company D) Burlington Industries v. Ellerth E) Ward Cove v. Atonio Answer: B Explanation: In the Albemarle case, the Court provided more details on how employers could prove that tests or other screening tools relate to job performance. For example, the Court said that if an employer wants to test candidates for a job, then the employer should first clearly document and understand the job’s duties and responsibilities. Diff: 2Page Ref: 35 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 27) Under the Civil Rights Act of 1991, once a plaintiff shows disparate impact, who has the burden of proving that the challenged practice is job related? A) plaintiff B) employee C) employer D) judge E) EEOC Answer: C Explanation: According to the Civil Rights Act of 1991, once an aggrieved applicant or employee demonstrates that an employment practice (such as â€Å"must lift 100 pounds†) has a disparate (or â€Å"adverse†) impact on a particular group, then the burden of proof shifts to the employer, who must show that the challenged practice is job related. Diff: 1Page Ref: 36 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 28) According to the Civil Rights Act of 1991, an employee who claims intentional discrimination can sue for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) back pay B) job reinstatement C) punitive damages D) compensatory damages E) substantive consolidation Answer: E Explanation: According to the Civil Rights Act of 1991, an employee who claims intentional discrimination can sue for back pay, attorneys’ fees, court costs, job reinstatement, punitive damages, and compensatory damages. Substantive consolidation is a legal term referring to debt consolidation. Diff: 2Page Ref: 36 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 29) Race, color, religion, sex, or national origin is a motivating factor in a termination, but the employee would have been terminated for failure to perform anyway. Which of the following most likely exists in this situation? A) mixed motive B) business necessity C) disparate impact D) liability defense E) burden of proof Answer: A Explanation: An unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice. Some employers in so-called â€Å"mixed motive† cases had taken the position that even though their actions were discriminatory, other factors like the employee’s dubious behavior made the job action acceptable. Under CRA 1991, an employer cannot avoid liability by proving it would have taken the same action—such as terminating someone—even without the discriminatory motive. Diff: 3Page Ref: 36 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Application 30) Which of the following requires employers to make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees? A) Civil Rights Act of 1991 B) Equal Pay Act of 1963 C) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 D) Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 E) Disability Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 Answer: C Explanation: The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 prohibits employment discrimination against qualified disabled individuals. It also says employers must make â€Å"reasonable accommodations† for physical or mental limitations unless doing so imposes an â€Å"undue hardship† on the business. Diff: 1Page Ref: 36 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 31) According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, which of the following would be considered a disability? A) homosexuality B) voyeurism C) pyromania D) compulsive gambling E) AIDS Answer: E Explanation: The ADA specifies conditions that it does not regard as disabilities, including homosexuality, bisexuality, voyeurism, compulsive gambling, pyromania, and certain disorders resulting from the current illegal use of drugs. The EEOC’s position is that the ADA prohibits discriminating against people with HIV/AIDS. Diff: 1Page Ref: 36 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 32) Which type of disability accounts for the greatest number of ADA claims? A) drug-related B) cosmetic C) mental D) vision E) hearing Answer: C Explanation: Mental disabilities account for the greatest number of ADA claims. Under EEOC ADA guidelines, â€Å"mental impairment† includes â€Å"any mental or psychological disorder, such as . . . emotional or mental illness. † Drug-related conditions are generally not regarded as disabilities. Diff: 1Page Ref: 36 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 33) Under ADA, those who can carry out the essential functions of the job are known as which of the following? A) protected class B) line managers C) career anchors D) staff authorities E) qualified individuals Answer: E Explanation: The ADA prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals—those who, with (or without) a reasonable accommodation, can carry out the essential functions of the job. The individual must have the requisite skills, educational background, and experience to do the job. Diff: 1Page Ref: 37 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 34) Which of the following best explains why employers win the majority of ADA cases? A) Employers make the necessary reasonable accommodations for employees. B) Employers prove that age negatively impacts an employee’s job performance. C) Employees fail to prove that they are disabled yet qualified to perform a job. D) Conservative judges are sympathetic towards small-business owners. E) Employee attorneys fail to draw connections between Title VII and ADA. Answer: C Explanation: Employers traditionally prevailed in almost all—96%—federal circuit court ADA decisions. A main reason is that employees were failing to show that they were disabled and qualified to do the job. Unlike with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, the employee must establish that he or she has a disability that fits under the ADA. Diff: 3Page Ref: 38 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 35) Which of the following will be the most likely result of the ADA Amendments Act of 2008? A) Employees will find it easier to prove that their disabilities are limiting. B) The number of major life activities considered disabilities will be narrowed. C) Employers will be required to make fewer accommodations for workers with disabilities. D) Employers will be required to hire a specific percentage of disabled workers to be in compliance. E) Employees will apply for more jobs knowing that the legislation guarantees their employment. Answer: A Explanation: The new ADAA’s basic effect will be to make it much easier for employees to show that their disabilities are limiting. For example, the new act makes it easier for an employee to show that his or her disability is influencing one of the employee’s â€Å"major life activities. † It does this by adding examples like reading, concentrating, thinking, sleeping, and communicating to the list of ADA major life activities. Diff: 3Page Ref: 38 Chapter: 2 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 36) In which of the following situations does sexual harassment NOT violate Title VII? A) if the conduct substantially interferes with a person’s work performance B) if the conduct creates an intimidating work environment C) if the conduct creates a hostile work environment D) if the conduct is motivated by both age and gender E) if the conduct creates an offensive work environment Answer: D Explanation: Under Title VII, sexual harassment generally refers to harassment on the basis of sex when such conduct has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with a person’s work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. Sexual harassment violates Title VII. The motivation behind the conduct is not relevant to Title VII violations. Diff: 3Page Ref: 39 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Concept 37) The ________ provides that a person who commits a crime of violence motivated by gender shall be liable to the party injured. A) Civil Rights Act of 1991 B) Federal Violence Against Women Act of 1994 C) Pregnancy Discrimination Act D) Vietnam Era Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 E) Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Answer: B Explanation: The Federal Violence Against Women Act of 1994 provides that a person who commits a crime of violence motivated by gender shall be liable to the party injured. The law offers an additional path women can use to seek relief for violent sexual harassment. Diff: 1Page Ref: 40 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Concept 38) Which of the following is NOT a form of sexual harassment according to EEOC guidelines? A) unwelcome sexual advances that create an intimidating work environment B) requests for sexual favors made implicitly as a condition of employment C) verbal conduct of a sexual nature that unreasonably interferes with work performance D) physical conduct of a sexual nature that creates an offensive work environment E) mutually consensual physical conduct of a sexual nature between co-workers Answer: E Explanation: EEOC guidelines define sexual harassment as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that create an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment or interfere with work performance. Requests for sexual favors that are used as the basis for employment decisions are also considered sexual harassment. Consensual sex between co-workers is not considered sexual harassment. Diff: 3Page Ref: 41 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Concept 39) All of the following are ways for an employee to prove sexual harassment EXCEPT by proving that ________. A) the verbal remarks of a co-worker were sexually flirtatious B) the rejection of a supervisor’s sexual advances led to a demotion C) a hostile work environment was created by a co-worker’s sexual conversation D) a hostile work environment was created by a nonemployee’s sexual advances E) a hostile work environment was created by a supervisor’s sexually abusive conduct Answer: A Explanation: The U. S. Supreme Court held that sexual harassment law doesn’t cover ordinary â€Å"intersexual flirtation. † Someone can prove sexual harassment if rejecting a supervisor’s sexual advances led to a demotion, firing, or altered work assignment. Sexual harassment can also be proven if a hostile work environment is created by the sexual conduct of supervisors, co-workers, or nonemployees. Diff: 3Page Ref: 41 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Application 40) Judy was up for a promotion at Simpson Consulting when her supervisor, Will, encouraged her to develop a sexual relationship with him. He suggested that her promotion would be a sure thing if they were involved. When Judy declined his advances, Will fired her. Which of the following would Judy most likely be able to prove in court if she decided to sue Simpson Consulting? A) hostile environment created by nonemployees B) hostile environment created by supervisors C) hostile environment created by co-workers D) disparate treatment E) quid pro quo Answer: E Explanation: Quid pro quo (something for something) is the most direct way to prove that rejecting a supervisor’s advances adversely affected what the EEOC calls a â€Å"tangible employment action† such as hiring, firing, promotion, demotion, and/or work assignment. Quid pro quo would be the best option for Judy if she sues the firm for Will’s actions. Diff: 3Page Ref: 41 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Application 41) Gus is always making sexual jokes at work. Many employees find the jokes funny, but Shelley, Gus’s executive assistant, is uncomfortable with the jokes. Eventually, she decides to quit her job rather than endure the jokes any longer. What form of sexual harassment has Shelley experienced? A) quid pro quo B) hostile environment created by supervisors C) hostile environment created by co-workers D) hostile environment created by nonemployees E) none of the above; Shelley is not a victim of sexual harassment Answer: B Explanation: As Shelley’s supervisor, Gus created a hostile environment according to the EEOC. A claimant does not need to show that the harassment had tangible consequences such as demotion. It is sufficient in many cases to prove that a supervisor’s sexual harassment substantially affected an employee’s emotional and psychological abilities. Diff: 3Page Ref: 41 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Application 42) All of the following are ways that an employer can minimize liability in sexual harassment claims EXCEPT ________. A) maintaining thorough records of all sexual harassment complaints B) informing all employees about sexual harassment investigations C) instituting a sexual harassment reporting process D) training employees in sexual harassment policies E) investigating sexual harassment charges promptly Answer: B Explanation: Maintaining records of complaints, instituting a reporting policy, providing sexual harassment training, and investigating charges quickly are ways that employers can show that they took reasonable care to prevent and correct sexual harassment, which will minimize the employer’s liability. Sexual harassment investigations should be conducted privately, and the information should not be made available to all employees. Diff: 3Page Ref: 42 Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Concept 43) Sanders Sporting Goods, an international sporting goods chain, is being sued for sexual harassment by a former Sanders employee. The plaintiff asserts that she was the victim of numerous unwanted sexual advances from a male co-worker. The woman claims that Sanders’ management condoned a hostile work environment and that the company is liable for the actions of the male employee. Which of the following, if true, would best support the plaintiff’s argument that Sanders is liable for sexual harassment? A) Sanders re-published its sexual harassment policy twice within the last year. B) The HR department at Sanders has records of the plaintiff’s initial complaints. C) Exit interviews of outgoing Sanders employees include questions about sexual harassment. D) Sanders lacks a management response system for handling sexual harassment complaints. E) Sanders recently lost a court case filed by former employees who claimed disparate treatment. Answer: D Explanation: Employers can minimize their liability in sexual harassment claims by showing that they have a response system set up for handling sexual harassment complaints, so Sanders may be liable if it lacks a system. Firms that re-publish their sexual harassment policies frequently, keep thorough records of complaints, and address sexual harassment issues during exit interviews are able to show that they took reasonable care to prevent sexual harassment. Disparate treatment refers to discrimination claims rather than sexual harassment claims. Diff: 3Page Ref: 42 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Chapter: 2 Objective: 2 Skill: Critical Thinking 44) Sanders Sporting Goods, an international sporting goods chain, is being sued for sexual harassment by a former Sanders employee. The plaintiff asserts that she was the victim of numerous unwanted sexual advances from a male co-worker. The woman claims that Sanders’ management condoned a hostile work environment and that the company is liable for the actions of the male employee. Which of the following, if true, would most likely undermine the plaintiff’s claim that Sanders is liable for the male employee’s conduct? A) The male employee physically threatened the plaintiff on three occasions. B) The male employee made sexual advances towards the plaintiff on a daily basis. C) The male employee was required by HR to participate in a sexual harassment awareness course. D) The male employee’s conduct significantly interfered with the plaintiff’s ability to perform her job. E) The plaintiff discussed her concerns about the male employee’s conduct with female co-workers. Answer: C Explanation: If the male employee was required to take a sexual harassment course, then that action shows Sanders was making a reasonable attempt to stop the behavior. Choices A, B, and D support the plaintiff’s claim that ther

United Nations Security Counci essays

United Nations Security Counci essays Does veto power have a future in the United Nations Security Council? Perhaps the answer to this question would become clearer if it was reformatted to reflect the true question that lies at the heart of this matter. Will the major powers that possess veto power relinquish that authority for the sake of the greater development of a less centrally dominated, more egalitarian United Nations which would be more suited to become the central actor in international law and order? Although this analysis of the issue of veto power in the UNSC may seem harsh it is essentially the truth. The removal or at least the modification of the veto power would only lead to power being shared between a larger number of UN member countries. It would also likely lead to quicker and greater action taken against regimes that commit human rights abuses and other violations of international law. Although this would lead to a better UN which would be far more capable of acting as the chief facilitator of inter national law the political ramifications of eliminating the veto and the loss of direct power experienced by the major powers that hold the veto prevent any reform from taking place and will likely continue to prevent reform in the future. The best way to achieve progress in this matter is by offering moderate reforms that still allow for major powers to continue to wield major power but remove the absolute power that is found in the veto. Before one can realize the political ramifications of removing the veto it is important that the power that is connected with the veto be fully understood. While advocates of multi-veto systems or weighted systems have much credibility in their proposed systems it must be recognized that while these proposals may seem moderate any removal of the single veto system constitutes the loss of unparalleled power. The single veto system which is used today offers the countries that posses it the supreme authority to s...

How to Calculate the Mean or Average

How to Calculate the Mean or Average Given a list of numbers, it is easy to determine the arithmetic mean,  or average. The average is simply the sum of the numbers in a given problem, divided by the number of numbers added together. For example, if four number are added together their sum is divided by four to find the average or arithmetic mean. Average or arithmetic mean is sometimes confused with two other concepts: mode and median. The mode is the most frequent value in a set of numbers, while the median is the number in the middle of the range of a given set.  Ã‚   Uses and Applications Its important to know how to calculate the mean or average of a set of numbers. Among other things, this will allow you to calculate your grade point average. However, youll need to calculate the mean for several other situations, too. The concept of an average allows statisticians, demographers, economists, biologists, and other researchers to better understand the most common situations. For example, by determining the average income of an American family and comparing it to the average cost of a home, its possible to better understand the magnitude of economic challenges facing most American families. Similarly, by looking at the average temperature in a particular area at a particular time of year, its possible to predict the probable weather and make a wide range of decisions appropriately. Issues and Pitfalls While averages can be very useful tools, they can also be misleading for a variety of reasons. In particular, averages can obscure the information contained in data sets. Here are a few examples of how averages can be misleading: Johns grades include a 4.5 in math, a 4.0 in science, a 2.0 in English and a 2.5 in History. After averaging his scores, his advisor decided that John is a straight B student. In fact, however, John is quite talented in math and science and needs remediation in English and history.Ten people were in a room. One woman in the room was pregnant. Based on the average, therefore, everyone in the room was .1% pregnant. This is, of course, a false and ridiculous finding! The Calculation In general, you calculate the mean or average of a set of numbers by adding them all up and dividing by how many numbers you have. This can be defined as follows: For a set of numbers, {x1, x2, x3, ... xj} the mean or average is the sum of all x divided by j. Worked Examples Lets start with an easy example. Calculate the mean of the following set of numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 To do this, add up the numbers and divide by how many numbers you have (5 of them, in this case). mean (1 2 3 4 5)/5 mean 15/5 mean 3 Heres another example of calculating the mean. Calculate the mean of the following set of numbers: 25, 28, 31, 35, 43, 48 How many numbers are there? 6. So, add together all of the numbers and divide the total by 6 in order to get the mean. mean (25 28 31 35 43 48)/6 mean 210/6 mean 35

Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essays

Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essays Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essay The promotion of community-based tourism has recently been discussed as a valuable method in achieving sustainable tourism development. Its benefits are easily recognized as facilitating improvements in local communities while reducing the negative social, economic, and environmental consequences of tourism development. However, community-based tourism alone cannot necessarily lead to sustainability in a given area; only with the cooperation of the local stakeholders and with the presence of organizational and/or behavioural conditions in the community. Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) This essay will examine the different tools used for monitoring and evaluating sustainability as it pertains to community-based tourism, and its effectiveness and limitations. A focus will be placed on the guiding principles, which include community control and empowerment, natural and cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability. (TIES, 2005) Before examining the methods used in evaluating sustainability, a definition of sustainability must be offered. According to the Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism, Tourism should be developed in a way so that it bene? ts the local communities, strengthens the local economy, employs local workforce and wherever ecologically sustainable, uses local materials, local agricultural products and traditional skills. Community based tourism, then refers to local tourism developed in local communities in innovative ways by various individuals and groups, small business owners, entrepreneurs, local associations and governments. (Hatton, 1999) By incorporating community-based tourism into the evaluation of social, economic, and environmental sustainable tourism development, ideally a sustainable community centred on tourism can exist. The recent concept that communities should have ultimate power in deciding their fate and the fate of their community as it relates to tourism development, is growing in interest. As a result, tourism researchers consider community-based approaches to be a requirement for successful and sustainable tourism development. (Taylor 1995; Din 1996; So? eld 2003) By giving control over resources to the locals, this facilitates residents control of their own lives since they are more attached to the shared problems of the community and attempt to work together to mend them. Various aspects of community-based tourism include accessibility, community participation, and the wellbeing of the host community. These issues are all objectives of community based tourism in establishing sustainable tourism development and fall under the pillar of social justice; one of the three pillars of sustainability which include environmental integrity, social justice, and economic development. (Adams,2006) mendelbio. com/sustainability/index. php (picture) These aspects are measured through various tools, including but not limited to Participatory Rural Appraisal, social exchange theory, sampling, interviewing, and through surveys. A case study conducted in La Fortuna, Costa Rica, examined the local social interactional elements needed for the community to achieve sustainable tourism practices. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) By using key informant interviews and participant observation, they were able to measure community involvement and empowerment and show that these elements are possible with the establishment of community agency, the construction of local relationships that increase the adaptive capacity of people within a common locality. Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) The interviews conducted included open-ended questions about the communitys past and present characterization, the residents view of the community, community satisfaction, general concerns, future expectations, and tourism development. The interviews were taken by 34 individuals in the community who were knowledgeable and actively involved in the community, with no regard to social or economic statu s of interviewees. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) As well, participant observation was used, which enhances the understanding of the group being observed. (Denzin, 1989:157) The participant observation methods used, included conversations with local residents and extra-local persons knowledgeable of the community; reviewing local brochures, bulletin boards and newspapers; examination of secondary data from the National Census and Statistics Institute, university studies and Costa Ricas State of the Nation publication; attending local community meetings; and observation of daily activities. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) Through these measurements, it was concluded that sustainable tourism development could be achieved if community agency was strong and if locals maintained ownership and control of the community resources. This provides an example of successful community based tourism used in evaluating socially sustainable tourism development. However, not all attempts at community based tourism as it refers to local empowerment and control have been successful, since many limitations are present. Limitations examined in the Langkawi Islands of Malaysia, include government control in decision making processes and weaknesses of the existing participatory approach. In the Langkawi Islands in Malaysia, excessive control by the government limited the locals involvement in the decision making process. (Marzuki, 2008:327) Locals were surprisingly aware of the situation, and knew that they didnt have the opportunity to raise questions or concerns at the draft plan exhibition for new developments, and if an enquiry was made, it was likely not to be acted upon. One respondent was quoted as saying, Usually, the decision was made at the top level of administration without in-depth involvement from the local level. Even when they (government officials) went to the local level, the approach used was not effective because we were not able to be actively involved. (Marzuki, 2008:327) Another major concern in Langkawi was the weakness of the existing participatory approach. It was found that locals were only involved in the early stages of participation, and left out of the major decision making processes. Surveys and interviews that were carried out, were merely to inform the residents of changes in the community, and less about their reactions or opinions. An officer from the government department did not deny these statements, saying One of the failures was when we did the Structure Plan or Local Plan, the consultant carried out the household survey among the community and they claimed that that was public participation. That was right, but it was only a one-way communication approach. I mean the residents just filled the questionnaire without having a discussion with the consultant to draft the plan together. (Marzuki, 2008: 327) Both of these limitations demonstrate that methods were established that allowed for local participation, yet were not followed through ultimately to the final decision making process. This is seen frequently in sustainable tourism, where the initiatives and goals are established for sustainable practices to exist, but either fail to be acted upon entirely or are not completely followed through. As seen, community participation can lead to social empowerment and can work successfully in smaller communities where community agency is present, but can falter in places where government control is embedded in the culture and where existing participatory approaches are unsustainable. There are several objectives of community based tourism, as it pertains to economic sustainability of the host community including increased local economic diversity through different entrepreneurial efforts as well as increased self-reliance of the host community. These can be developed together with locals having direct access to natural resources, which would provide sustenance for the community, while at the same time, establishing self-reliance. (Shuman, 1998) This is particularly important, as global economic forces and the internationalization of markets have proven to have devastating consequences on community life. In many areas the industrial base has been wiped out and little has replaced it except a growing service sector that, at best, provides low-wage, unstable employment. (Shragge, 1997:7) With the formation of communitys of this include the Community Development Association: ADIFORT and the Association of Micro Entrepreneurs: AMITURFOR in Costa Rica. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:743) A balance must be made, however, with the possibilities of economic growth and the conservation of the natural environment and resources. Several objectives pertaining to the environmental sustainability of the host community include local decision making in regard to the sustainable use of resources, protection of biological diversity, stewardship of natural resources, and management of waste products. A case study on The La Ruta Moskitia Ecotourism Alliance (LARUMO Alliance) in Honduras consists of six indigenous communities which have developed local services and products within the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, that are 100% community owned and operated bringing all the financial benefits directly to the local community. LARUMO Alliance, 2011) Employment is separated into ecotourism enterprise groups that include well-trained operations and financial managers, guides, boat drivers, cooks, and housekeepers who earn revenue through employment and by sharing end of year profits amongst the group. (LARUMO Alliance, 2011) This is linked to environmental sustainability, as the locals earn income from local employment within tourism which in turn takes jobs away from hunting, over fishing, and extractive land practices such as slash and burn agriculture and cattle grazing. (LARUMO Alliance, 2011) This is an important aspect of community based tourism, especially for rural, resource-dependent communities, who rely heavily on the environment. Other ways LARUMO Alliance is a successful example of economic and environmental sustainable tourism development, is through supporting local conservation projects, using all natural building materials, keeping tour groups to 12 people or less, and in working to establish special use zones in the Reserve which protect the wildlife habitat. There are various ways in which economic sustainability is measured and evaluated as it pertains to community based tourism, including mapping, visualisation, and participatory GIS (geographical information systems). In the case study of Marahau, New Zealand to aid the community in future development and economic opportunities, an aerial photograph was chosen as a base map, which provided the greatest visual detail of the community area. (Hasse, Milne, 2005) Anderson et. l (2004) provided the photographs, coloured stickers, and a simple questionnaire to garner a response about the changes occurring in the community and their personal goals for future development. The research demonstrated, that the methodology was attractive to all ages, didnt require respondents to have facility in writing or speaking, was challenging but enjoyable and was an educative experience for participants and researchers alike. (Anderson et al. 1994:41) Another form of measurement, suggested by Hasse and Milne (2005) is the combination of participatory approaches with GIS, what is termed as PAGIS. Hasse and Milne (2005) believe, that There is the potential to develop more applicable participatory approaches to collecting, analysing and representing information from multiple stakeholders and combining those with the process bene? ts GIS can offer. These methods can enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor, and evaluate. (Hasse, Milne, 2005:278) By measuring economic sustainable tourism development, greater insight can be gained regarding the feelings and ideas of the local community about their future tourism development goals and in helping them achieve these goals. Measurements involved in environmental sustainable tourism development include interviews, environmental management concepts, and the establishment of conservation projects and organisations. Interviews revealed that respondents had changed their view on the environment after the introduction of tourism to the local community. According to KIs, La Fortunans appreciated nature more after interacting with tourists who came to their area for its natural environmental beauty, making locals realise what a beautiful place they come from. ( Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:747) Conservation projects followed, with the establishment of ADIFORT came water treatment plants, recycling programs in schools, and reforestation efforts. La Ruta Moskitia now provides a baseline for other communities to copy and develop the same projects and sustainable benefits that they have in Honduras. Limitations, however, are present, with the power struggles that often occur with the presence of multiple stakeholders that all possess differing opinions about community based tourism. Several limitations presented when dealing with the Sea Canoe case study involve the initial establishment of companies in Phuket and Ao Phangna by foreign expats, or farangs. In the case of Sea Canoe, for example, the high status of John Gray, a farang, have allowed the company to address local mafia intimidation, the corruption of local tourism and national park officials, and the illegal or unethical practices of several of Sea Canoes competitors (Shepherd, 2002). This is a benefit and a limitation, as it has been argued that having foreign investment and control in the community is not in the best interest of the locals if true community based tourism is to exist. As well, in interviews conducted with the owners of other sea kayaking companies, Kontogeorgopoulos discovered that the success enjoyed by Sea Canoe, a farang company, has also provoked resentment among the Thai owners and employees of Sea Canoes competitors. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995:14) However, with the poor backgrounds of the locals combined with their lack of power against the government and competing companies, especially minority groups such as the Malay Muslims, farang involvement has been a catalyst for positive economic sustainable development in the area; primarily with the Sea Canoe case study. This is due to the fact that the Muslim minority possess low status within mainstream Siamese society, and are therefore less willing or able to address certain problems as directly or as forcefully as the farangs have done. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995). This demonstrates that blurred lines exist involving what is the best method for achieving community based sustainable tourism development. Community based tourism in environmental terms has its limitations as well, with companies such as Sea Canoe who end up threatening the area and community which they are trying to protect. Sea Canoes exploitation of Ao Phangngas resources encouraged the rapid increase in the number of operators bringing tourists into the same caves and lagoons in Hong and Phanak. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995) By 1999, and continuing until this day, the total number of sea kayaking companies have climbed to 20, spinning off of the sole popularity and success of Sea Canoe. With competitors focusing less on safety issues and more on income from tourists, competitors carry up to 30 people per escort boat, and purchase inexpensive, spotty equipment. Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995) For example, Overcrowding and sloppy attention to safety led to tragedy in early-1997, when a guide from one of Sea Canoes early competitors was dragged under a boat and killed by its propeller. (Mecir, 2000) This is just one example of limitations that exist, when competition and greed take over medium to large communities and community agency seizes to exist. As demonstrated, the success, in terms of sustainability, for any community-based tourism initiative lies in cooperating with the local communities and empowering them to continue to grow and develop tourism, while being aware of the limitations and pitfalls that tourism can bring. With various case studies showing ample examples of successful and effective community-based tourism efforts, as well as negative implications and limitations, it is shown that sustainability can be effectively accomplished in community-based tourism only if all aspects of community based tourism development can come together. In the future, with a growing popularity in sustainability, hopefully small scale community-based tourism initiatives will be key in effectively developing sustainable tourist destinations. And in general, the most useful way of thinking about sustainability is not necessarily to think of it as an end-point, but rather as a guiding philosophy which incorporates certain principles concerning our interaction with the environment. (Holden, 2008 :162)

The origin and justification of judicial review Essay

The origin and justification of judicial review - Essay Example Many people did not believe in giving the judiciary such powers and authority. Since the institution of the American constitution, the judicial system was given the mandate to oversight the activities of the state government. The statutes and states’ constitutions could not, under the observation of the judicial system, go against the supreme law of the land. This supreme law is the American constitution. However, one issue that the framers of the American constitution did not provide a solution for is whether the federal courts had any oversight power over the congress and the executive. Upholding congressional acts in the early years of the republic somehow confirmed the existence of judicial review. However, it was still unclear, until 1803, whether the judiciary had any power to similarly strike down the acts. In 1803, the chief justice John Marshall ruled an act of congress unconstitutional. In his argument, the duty of the Supreme Court and the judicial system is largely to declare the law. According ti him, therefore, a statutory, congressional of even executive act that is against this law must be deemed unconstitutional and the constitution must prevail. In another instance, the judicial review was applied once more before the civil war. The Supreme Court, in 1857, ruled the Missouri Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional. It is also at around the same time that several statutory acts were struck down by the Supreme Court. In addition, concerns were raised after the Civil War on the Fourteenth Amendment which gave the federal government unnecessary powers over the state governments. This being an executive was again struck down. This further confirmed the stability of the judiciary and its impartiality in applying the power bestowed on it. This exercise of power has however not been wit hout political opposition. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Supreme Court was repeatedly

Creativity for busniess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Creativity for busniess - Essay Example The toy operates with a button on its left foot which lead it to ‘dance’. This is made possible through an internal computerised memory which connects to a sensor placed at the foot and the combination of a force to move its head, arms and legs. The product is aesthetically pleasing to children as it represents a character from the popular television program named â€Å"In the Night Garden†. The character wears an extremely bright red blanket and a two-tone blue coat contrasting to each other and its red ‘hair’ and big eyes features especially draw attention from the toddlers. Health and Safety is an essential consideration for children’s toys thus the product is made durable so that it would not break apart or loose bits. However, caution is necessary for toddlers age below 18 months as there are three small red cotton ‘hairs’ which prompt hazards to toddlers who started teething and possibility of choking themselves by placing th e blanket into their mouth. Educational Value:  The toy is educational in relation to the child’s development. It helps in the child’s social and emotional development as the child can imagine the toy ‘talking’ and ‘dancing’ with her and being entertained at the same time. Product 2: Construction Train Set Purpose and Function of the product: This product allows the user to organize role-plays using the train, wooden train tracks and props. The user can build the track themselves and set up the props according to their wish and push the train around the track. The age range the product is suitable for The Early Learning Centre suggests that this product is suitable for children age between 3 to 8 years old as there are small parts which pose choking risk to younger children. Design, quality, durability, usability, visual appeal, health and safety The toy is of top quality ensuring the wooden tracks fit to each other and in perfect shape. The toy operates while the child put the wooden tracks together, set up the props and pushes the toy train on the track. The product is aesthetically pleasing to children as children generally place great interest on transports. The toy has light wood tracks and props with brightly coloured train which bring joy and attention to the children. Health and Safety is critical and the product is designed to be durable so that it would not snap or deform easily. The props are not suitable for children below the recommended age range as younger kids have the tendency of swallowing things. The sharp edges also pose a danger to the kids. Educational Value The educational value associated with this product is that it assists older children to develop their imagination during the role-play. It also enhances the child’s fine motor skills as the child pushes the toy train and having to assemble the tracks themselves. ________________________________________________________________ Our advert isements believe: A strong branding is vital to differentiate the products illustrated above and motivates consumer to purchase the product. In order to establish a robust position of the products in the challenging environment and industry, extensive marketing activities have to be conducted aimed to increase the familiarity of children to the idols related to the product. Kids’ club would be an effective way to get the children involved. Kids clubs organized by retailers, producers and media outlets have been

No topic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

No topic - Case Study Example Thus, its main aim was to observe the financial and accounting standards in government owned companies, through this the liability of manager to subordinates will be increased. Therefore, the rampant crisis of trust in American capitalism that was aroused from scandals in WorldCom, Enron and other companies will calm down (SOX, 2002). However, Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) has also created major negative effects in the United States corporate. First of all, majority of companies have decided to stay held privately since being public makes them to accountable to the SOX act. Additionally, other public companies that had their names in the stock list have removed themselves. Therefore economists say that this is a big concern since it could lower the economist’s entrepreneur spirit (Zhang, 2007). Secondly, senior managers nowadays instead of putting more attention on strategizing the growth of their firms, they have been seen to be more concerned on the ethical statuses of their organizations. Furthermore, they are hesitative to make brave business decisions and have become hesitant in their plans to expand. Thus, the SOX has become somehow too much of a regulation for the corporate America (Rao,

To Find the Recidivism Rate Among Parolees Essay

To Find the Recidivism Rate Among Parolees - Essay Example The aim of the proposed research is to explore the factors between the occurrence of recidivism and the rate and mortifying causes of recidivism in Present society. The paper will consider whether concerns over increasing rate of recidivism are real and whether the social and communal reasons mortify the process of recidivism. The core aspects of the research will critically analyze the term recidivism and the rate of recidivism in America and how it affect American society. The research will seek to address the following questions to help explain the impact it has had on the contemporary society. This paper makes a conclusion that recidivism rate among the parolees are growing up and government and other agencies consider it difficult to lessen or to eliminate it. There are many factors that lead to the recidivism. When one is released from prison, he feels difficulty to co-operate with the existing social situations or the society will not agree him as a person who has all the moral rights to live in. it may be only one among the reasons for turning them to follow the criminal behavior. But the most important reasons include their own decisions and the temptations of the others to select the dark way of crimes. The other factors like the thought of the sudden luxuries force them to follow the same. Above all, as they have experienced the imprisonment, they know of the punishment and the loop holes of the law.

Reflexive Managers in Contemporary Organisations Term Paper

Reflexive Managers in Contemporary Organisations - Term Paper Example Every manager has to realize that there is dual responsibility associated with this position as the individual has to both accomplish the organizational objectives and provide guidance to the subordinates in giving their best efforts. Moreover, the managers have to perform their self-assessment to review their own set of competencies and make sure that they possess the proficiencies required for assisting the subordinates or employees in contributing effectively within the enterprises (Cunliffe, 2013). In order to provide appropriate resources to the managers, the theorists of the organizational management field have stressed the need for utilizing the reflection process within their job responsibilities. In the present era, everyone has to act as a reflexive individual who continuously and critically thinks about the way an action is taken by the person. This analysis will allow the individual to assess the act from various perspectives so that he/she can review the perception held by the person and how others will perceive it (Bradbury, 2010; Gunia et al., 2012). Also, most of the contemporary organizations are supporting the designing and implementation of the training programs for the management positions in which managers are given adequate training for becoming the reflexive practitioners or reflexive managers (Broussine & Ahmed, 2013). The overall aim of such training sessions is to develop the critical thinking and self-assessment techniques in the managers so that they can reflect upon their own course of actions and be assured that a positive, complying and appropriate perception is created in the minds of the subordinates (Bolton, 2010). Moreover, it is stated by Hibbert (2012) that reflexive manager is mandatory for the modern day organizations as the expert has to critically evaluate his/her own practices at three instances i.e. before, during and after the decision/action.  

Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System Essay

Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System - Essay Example The essay "Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System" talks about the importance of nurses in health and medical area who through personal care, compassion, and positive attitude, provide patients and their families with an inner strength to cope with illnesses and ensure that their health related needs are taken care of with efficiency. Strength based approach of nursing is much better than deficient approach because it has an optimistic outlook towards the sickness. It uses positive features of the patient and carer to help them to cope with the situation through improved understanding and acceptance so that they will use tools that facilitate better care or use tools for self-help, as the case may be. Freely and Gottlieb has asserted that in a strength based approach, the nurse-client relationship is a ‘partnership’ that ensures and honors basic human rights in health care relationships. The most interesting fact is that the approach empowers patients and care to seek ways and means for recovery. The approach is conducive for developing mutual trust and feeling of self worth which helps them to integrate into the mainstream population. The understanding and acceptance of the situation help to create an understanding for the requisite physical and emotional support. The nursing guidelines also assert that ‘building a nurse-family partnership is central to strengthening and supporting families. The emotional and moral support of the family goes a long way to inculcate confidence within the person.

To Find the Recidivism Rate Among Parolees Essay

To Find the Recidivism Rate Among Parolees - Essay Example The aim of the proposed research is to explore the factors between the occurrence of recidivism and the rate and mortifying causes of recidivism in Present society. The paper will consider whether concerns over increasing rate of recidivism are real and whether the social and communal reasons mortify the process of recidivism. The core aspects of the research will critically analyze the term recidivism and the rate of recidivism in America and how it affect American society. The research will seek to address the following questions to help explain the impact it has had on the contemporary society. This paper makes a conclusion that recidivism rate among the parolees are growing up and government and other agencies consider it difficult to lessen or to eliminate it. There are many factors that lead to the recidivism. When one is released from prison, he feels difficulty to co-operate with the existing social situations or the society will not agree him as a person who has all the moral rights to live in. it may be only one among the reasons for turning them to follow the criminal behavior. But the most important reasons include their own decisions and the temptations of the others to select the dark way of crimes. The other factors like the thought of the sudden luxuries force them to follow the same. Above all, as they have experienced the imprisonment, they know of the punishment and the loop holes of the law.

Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System Essay

Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System - Essay Example The essay "Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System" talks about the importance of nurses in health and medical area who through personal care, compassion, and positive attitude, provide patients and their families with an inner strength to cope with illnesses and ensure that their health related needs are taken care of with efficiency. Strength based approach of nursing is much better than deficient approach because it has an optimistic outlook towards the sickness. It uses positive features of the patient and carer to help them to cope with the situation through improved understanding and acceptance so that they will use tools that facilitate better care or use tools for self-help, as the case may be. Freely and Gottlieb has asserted that in a strength based approach, the nurse-client relationship is a ‘partnership’ that ensures and honors basic human rights in health care relationships. The most interesting fact is that the approach empowers patients and care to seek ways and means for recovery. The approach is conducive for developing mutual trust and feeling of self worth which helps them to integrate into the mainstream population. The understanding and acceptance of the situation help to create an understanding for the requisite physical and emotional support. The nursing guidelines also assert that ‘building a nurse-family partnership is central to strengthening and supporting families. The emotional and moral support of the family goes a long way to inculcate confidence within the person.